Independent and joint effects of serum 25-hydroxivitamin D and calcium on breast cancer ratio in an Iran population: A cross-sectional study.

Background: It has been suggested that Vitamin D and calcium have protective effects against breast cancer. The results about breast cancer and serum Vitamin D and calcium levels are still controversial, indefinite, and insufficient to determine the amount of nutritional needs. Thus, we investigated the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(25-OH-D) and calcium on the ratio of breast cancer at diagnosis time.

Oncology Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Cancer Pain Management.

Background: Oncology nurses play a crucial role in cancer pain management and must be highly informed to ensure their effective practice in the cancer setting. The aim of this study was to determine the baseline level of knowledge and attitudes of oncology nurses regarding cancer pain management.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional survey research design was employed.