Gender differences in female and male Australian football concussion injury: A prospective observational study of emergency department presentations.

Objective: To examine gender differences in Australian football (AF)-related concussion presentations to EDs in regional Australia.

Methods: A prospective observational study of patients presenting to 1 of the 10 EDs in Western Victoria, Australia, with an AF-related concussion was conducted. Patients were part of a larger study investigating AF injuries over a complete AF season, including pre-season training and practice matches.

Wrist, hand and finger injuries in Australian football: A prospective observational study of emergency department presentations.

Objectives: Investigate the characteristics of wrist, hand and finger (WHF) injuries in Australian footballers presenting to EDs and determine if injury profiles differed between females and males, and between children and adults.

Methods: In this prospective observational study that took place during an entire football season, patients attended 1 of 10 EDs in Victoria, Australia with a WHF injury sustained while playing Australian football. Data were extracted from patient medical records by trained researchers.

Economic consequences of injury in female Australian footballers: A prospective observational study of emergency department presentations.

Objective: Investigate the economic consequences of injuries to female Australian footballers from a health sector and societal perspective.

Methods: This prospective observational study invited 242 females to complete an online questionnaire 3-6 months following an Australian football injury which involved presentation to an ED in Victoria, Australia. The questionnaire inquired regarding healthcare use, time off work, return to playing football and extent of recovery following injury.

Gender differences in female and male Australian Football injuries - A prospective observational study of emergency department presentations.

Objectives: To compare injury-profiles of females and males presenting to Emergency Departments (EDs) with an Australian Football injury.

Design: Prospective observational study.

Methods: All patients presenting to one of 10 EDs in Victoria, Australia, with an Australian Football injury were included in the study.

National Osteoarthritis Strategy brief report: Prevention of osteoarthritis.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common and debilitating chronic joint conditions in Australia. A National Osteoarthritis Strategy (the Strategy) was developed to outline a national plan to achieve optimal health outcomes for people at risk of, or with, OA.

Objective: This article focuses on the theme of prevention of OA within the Strategy.

Bayesian strategy selection identifies optimal solutions to complex problems using an example from GP prescribing.

Complex health problems require multi-strategy, multi-target interventions. We present a method that uses machine learning techniques to choose optimal interventions from a set of possible interventions within a case study aiming to increase General Practitioner (GP) discussions of physical activity (PA) with their patients. Interventions were developed based on a causal loop diagram with 26 GPs across 13 clinics in Geelong, Australia.

Operative shoulder instability injury management in Australian Football League players: A case series.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to review the surgical management procedures of shoulder instability injuries in Australian Football League (AFL) players, and determine outcomes regarding return to sport and injury recurrence.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: Elite AFL players with shoulder instability resulting in surgery were assessed in a retrospective cohort design (72 players/77 shoulders).

Evaluating the effectiveness of Facebook to impact the knowledge of evidence-based employment practices by individuals with traumatic brain injury: A knowledge translation random control study.

Background: Individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) experience difficulty with obtaining and maintaining employment post-injury. Although vocational rehabilitation (VR) can be one option to provide individuals with TBI support and services to lead to successful employment outcomes, information about these services can be difficult and confusing to navigate. Providing information on evidence-based employment practices to individuals with TBI through social media could be an effective approach.

Employment for adults with autism spectrum disorders: A retrospective review of a customized employment approach.

Over the past few decades, there has been an increase in prevalence of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and those children are now becoming young adults in need of competitive integrated employment (CIE). Customized employment (CE) is one pathway to employment that has been successful for other individuals with developmental disabilities (DD), though research has been very limited on the effectiveness with individuals with ASD. This paper provides a retrospective review of 64 individuals with ASD who came to our program from 2009 to 2014 for supported employment services as referred by the state vocational rehabilitation services agency.

Comparison of injury incidences between football teams playing in different climatic regions.

Australian Football League (AFL) teams in northern (warmer) areas generally have higher rates of injury than those in southern (cooler) areas. Conversely, in soccer (football) in Europe, teams in northern (cooler) areas have higher rates of injury than those in southern (warmer) areas, with an exception being knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, which are more common in the southern (warmer) parts of Europe. This study examined relative injury incidence in the AFL comparing 9,477 injuries over 229,827 player-weeks from 1999-2012.

Intention to use sport concussion guidelines among community-level coaches and sports trainers.

Objectives: Sporting bodies have developed guidelines for managing community-level players with suspected concussion in response to international consensus statements on concussion in sport. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that influence the intended use of concussion guidelines among community-level coaches and sports trainers from two popular football codes in Australia: Australian football and rugby league.

Design: Cross-sectional survey.

Halide and proton binding kinetics of yellow fluorescent protein variants.

A T203Y substitution in green fluorescent protein causes a red shift in emission to yield a class of mutants known as yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Many of these YFP mutants bind halides with affinities in the millimolar range, which often results in the chromophore pK values being shifted into the physiological range. While such sensitivities may be exploited for halide and pH sensors, it is desirable to reduce such environmental sensitivities in other studies, such as in Förster resonance energy transfer probes to measure conformational changes within fusion proteins.

Results of 2 decades of injury surveillance and public release of data in the Australian Football League.

Background: Injuries are common in all professional football codes (including soccer, rugby league and union, American football, Gaelic football, and Australian football).

Purpose: To report the epidemiology of injuries in the Australian Football League (AFL) from 1992-2012 and to identify changes in injury patterns during that period.

Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.

Relationship between interchange usage and risk of hamstring injuries in the Australian Football League.

Objectives: To study risk factors for hamstring injury in the Australian Football League (AFL), in particular the effect of recent changes in match participation (increased use of the interchange bench) on hamstring injury.

Design: Analysis of hamstring match injury statistics extracted from an injury database combined with match participation statistics extracted from a player statistics database.

Methods: 56,320 player matches in the AFL over the period 2003-2010 were analyzed, in which 416 hamstring injuries occurred.

Towards a national sports safety strategy: addressing facilitators and barriers towards safety guideline uptake.

Background: Limited information exists about how best to conduct intervention implementation studies in community sport settings. Research should be directed towards understanding the context within which evidence-based injury prevention interventions are to be implemented, while continuing to build the evidence-base for the effectiveness of sports injury interventions.

Objectives: To identify factors that influence the translation of evidence-based injury prevention interventions into practice in community sport, and to provide specific evidence for the effectiveness of an evidence-based exercise training programme for lower limb injury prevention in community Australian football.

Decreased incidence of knee posterior cruciate ligament injury in Australian Football League after ruck rule change.

Objective: To assess whether a rule change introduced in the Australian Football League (AFL) before the start of the 2005 season, to limit the run-up of ruckmen at the centre bounce, has been successful in reducing the incidence of knee posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries.

Design: Cohort study with historical control.

Setting: The AFL competition from 1992 to 2008 inclusive.

The photochemistry of fluorescent proteins: implications for their biological applications.

Green fluorescent protein from Aequorea victoria, its relatives and derivatives are ubiquitous in their use as biological probes. In this tutorial review, we discuss the photochemistry of this fascinating class of proteins and illustrate some of their advantages and drawbacks in a range of applications. In particular, we focus on the ionisation states of the chromophore and how they are affected by internal and external proton transfer.

Characterization of active site structure in CYP121. A cytochrome P450 essential for viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cytochrome P450 gene CYP121 is shown to be essential for viability of the bacterium in vitro by gene knock-out with complementation. Production of CYP121 protein in Mtb cells is demonstrated. Minimum inhibitory concentration values for azole drugs against Mtb H37Rv were determined, the rank order of which correlated well with Kd values for their binding to CYP121.

Novel haem co-ordination variants of flavocytochrome P450BM3.

Bacillus megaterium flavocytochrome P450 BM3 is a catalytically self-sufficient fatty acid hydroxylase formed by fusion of soluble NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and P450 domains. Selected mutations at residue 264 in the haem (P450) domain of the enzyme lead to novel amino acid sixth (distal) co-ordination ligands to the haem iron. The catalytic, spectroscopic and thermodynamic properties of the A264M, A264Q and A264C variants were determined in both the intact flavocytochromes and haem domains of P450 BM3.

The role of serine 167 in human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: a comparison with tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase.

The initial step in the l-kynurenine pathway is oxidation of l-tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine and is catalyzed by one of two heme enzymes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) or indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Here, we address the role of the conserved active site Ser167 residue in human IDO (S167A and S167H variants), which is replaced with a histidine in other mammalian and bacterial TDO enzymes. Our kinetic and spectroscopic data for S167A indicate that this residue is not essential for O 2 or substrate binding, and we propose that hydrogen bond stabilization of the catalytic ferrous-oxy complex involves active site water molecules in IDO.

Anomalous negative fluorescence anisotropy in yellow fluorescent protein (YFP 10C): quantitative analysis of FRET in YFP dimers.

Yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) is widely used as a genetically encoded fluorescent marker in biology. In the course of a comprehensive study of this protein, we observed an unusual, negative fluorescence anisotropy at pH 6.0 (McAnaney, T.

Rapid P450 heme iron reduction by laser photoexcitation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CYP121 and CYP51B1. Analysis of CO complexation reactions and reversibility of the P450/P420 equilibrium.

We demonstrate that photoexcitation of NAD(P)H reduces heme iron of Mycobacterium tuberculosis P450s CYP121 and CYP51B1 on the microsecond time scale. Rates of formation for the ferrous-carbonmonoxy (Fe(II)-CO) complex were determined across a range of coenzyme/CO concentrations. CYP121 reaction transients were biphasic.