The role of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in the diagnostics of diabetic foot infection.

To investigate the role of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in the diagnosis of diabetic foot infection and to determine whether it is superior to other infection markers like leukocyte, neutrophil, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, c-reactive protein and procalcitonin. The present prospective study consisted of four groups: Group 1, healthy volunteers ( = 38); Group 2, patients without diabetic foot ulcers ( = 40); Group 3, diabetic patients with uninfected foot ulcers ( = 33); and Group 4, patients who had diabetic foot infection ( = 48). In each group, the leukocyte, neutrophil, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, c-reactive protein and procalcitonin and suPAR levels were examined.

Assessment of inhibitory effects on major human cytochrome P450 enzymes by spasmolytics used in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.

Background: The objective of this study was to examine the inhibitory potential of darifenacin, fesoterodine, oxybutynin, propiverine, solifenacin, tolterodine and trospium chloride on the seven major human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) by using a standardized and validated seven-in-one cytochrome P450 cocktail inhibition assay.

Methods: An cocktail of seven highly selective probe substrates was incubated with human liver microsomes and varying concentrations of the seven test compounds. The major metabolites of the probe substrates were simultaneously analysed using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method.