Toward a common interpretation of the 3Rs principles in animal research.

Many scientific breakthroughs have depended on animal research, yet the ethical concerns surrounding the use of animals in experimentation have long prompted discussions about humane treatment and responsible scientific practice. First articulated by Russell and Burch, the 3Rs Principles of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement have gained widespread recognition as basic guidelines for animal research. Over time, the 3Rs have transcended the research community, influencing policy decisions, animal welfare advocacy and public perception of animal experimentation.

Overlooked Pain Assessment Records in Patients with Pressure Injuries During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Data Analysis.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare professionals focused on identifying the cause of hemodynamic instability in patients and may have neglected to assess pressure injury (PI)-related pain. Although pain is an early indicator of PI development, there has been no systematic evaluation of PI-related pain in patients.

Objective: To review nurses' records of PI-related pain in patients who developed PIs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Effect of Breathing and Coughing Exercises and Oxygen Therapy on Shoulder Pain and Analgesic Consumption After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of breathing and coughing exercises and oxygen therapy on shoulder pain and analgesic consumption after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Design: A randomized controlled intervention study.

Methods: The sample included 105 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the general surgery clinic of a tertiary center.

Evaluating patient outcomes in postoperative pain management according to the revised American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire (APS-POQ-R).

Background: In the first 24 h after surgery, it is necessary to evaluate the patient responses to pain, analgesia and patient satisfaction to prevent complications related to the pain management process.

Aim: To evaluate patients' outcomes (pain qualities, side effects of the pain management, pain treatment satisfaction, non-pharmacological pain treatment methods, predictors of pain management satisfaction and percentage of pain relief) according to the Revised American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire (APS-POQ-R) in the first 24 h.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

The Effect of Preoperative Fear of Pain on Postoperative Pain Levels and the Amount of Analgesic Consumption.

Background: Preoperative fear of pain can increase the surgical stress response along with anxiety, increasing postoperative pain and the amount of analgesia consumption.

Aims: To determine the effect of preoperative fear of pain on postoperative pain level and analgesic consumption.

Design: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used.

Assessment of the risk factors for intraoperative pressure injuries in patients.

Aim: This study was conducted to assess the risk factors for pressure injuries in patients during surgery.

Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the risk of pressure injuries during surgery was evaluated in 250 patients in a university hospital. Data were collected through a Patient Descriptive Information Form (PDIF) and the 3S Intraoperative Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale (IPIRAS).

Validation of the tablet-based Turkish-PAINReportIt® for lung cancer patients after thoracotomy in Turkey.

Background: Digital pain assessment is advantageous and timely for healthcare priorities in Turkey. However, a multi-dimensional, tablet-based pain assessment tool is not available in the Turkish language.

Purpose: To validate the Turkish-PAINReportIt® as a multi-dimensional measure of post-thoracotomy pain.

Effect of TENS on Vacuum Pain in Acute Soft Tissue Trauma.

Backround: In the literature, the effect of TENS on acute pain has been investigated, and no study has been found on its effect on pain associated with VAC application. This randomized controlled trial was designed to assess the efficacy of TENS application in pain caused by vacuum applied in acute soft tissue trauma of the lower extremity.

Design And Settings: The study included 40 patients: 20 in the control group, and 20 in the experimental group and was carried out in a university hospital's plastic and reconstructive surgery clinic.

Anxiety, Depression and Death Anxiety in Individuals with COVID-19.

This study aimed to determine the death anxiety, anxiety, and depression levels of the individuals staying at the hospital due to COVID-19. The study recruited 300 patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were staying at specialized clinics in the hospital. Three tools - A Patient Information Form, the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)-were used to collect data.

Health Problems and Reasons for Stress of Intensive Care Nurses During COVID-19.

Aim: This study aimed to examine health problems and related reasons for stress including physiological, psychological, and patientcare-related stressors among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses during COVID-19 in Turkey.

Method: This study was designed as a cross-sectional study. Data were collected between June and July 2020 and from 1140 ICU nurses who were actively working in the pandemic process from 65 provinces in Turkey.

Assessment of Procedural Pain in Patients with COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit.

Aim: The purpose of the study was to assess the level of procedural pain in patients treated in the COVID-19 intensive care unit, in a tertiary university hospital.

Method: We performed the procedural pain assessment of COVID-19 patients in this study, and 162 (93.6 %) of 173 hospitalized patients assessed during this period.

Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Mastectomy Pain, Patient Satisfaction, and Patient Outcomes.

Purpose: Mastectomy is one of the most painful surgical procedures. Postoperative pain guidelines recommend transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) as a reliable non-pharmacological analgesic method. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TENS on postoperative pain and outcomes in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy (MRM).

Determining the coronavirus awareness of the Turkish society and the anxiety stress levels.

The aim of the study is to determine the awareness of the Turkish society in COVID-19, and determine the anxiety stress levels. Research two months after the start of the outbreak in Turkey has reached 2163 individuals completed the online platform. The Integrated Anxiety Stress Scale significantly changed according to age, gender, marital status and working status after the pandemic.

Evaluation of Fear of Pain Among Surgical Patients in the Preoperative Period.

Purpose: To evaluate the fear of surgery-related pain of patients in the preoperative period.

Design: A descriptive, cross-sectional study.

Methods: A total of 419 patients who were scheduled for a variety of surgical procedures in a tertiary hospital were included.

Cross-cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Revised Nonverbal Pain Scale.

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to adapt the Revised Nonverbal Pain Scale (NVPS-R) into Turkish, and to test reliability and validity of the scale.

Methods: A total of 74 patients who were admitted to eight intensive care units in two hospitals between May 2016 and August 2017 were included in this study. All patients were over 18 years old, mechanically ventilated, and sedated.

Vital signs: Valid indicators to assess pain in intensive care unit patients? An observational, descriptive study.

Pain is a stressor for intensive care unit (ICU) patients, and inadequate pain assessment has been linked to increased morbidity and mortality. One hundred and twenty patients were evaluated during three periods: (T1) 1 min before, (T2) during, and (T3) 20 min after the nociceptive procedure. For each patient, data were obtained through at least two nociceptive procedures.

Cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Turkish version of revised American Pain Society patient outcome questionnaire for surgical patients.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish Revised American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire (APS-POQ-R-TR).

Methods: A methodological and cross-sectional design was used. This study included a total of 250 surgical patients (98 males, 152 females) between January 2015 and January 2016.

A review of postoperative pain assessment records of nurses.

Background: Although there are many recommendations and guidelines for adequate pain assessment, the quality of postoperative pain documentation does not meet the acceptable standards.

Aim: The aim of the study is to review the pain assessment and analgesic records of nurses within the first 48 h in the postoperative period.

Methods: This retrospective and descriptive study was conducted in a University Hospital.

The effect of standard pain assessment on pain and analgesic consumption amount in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery.

Unlabelled: Pain assessment has a key role in relief of the postoperative pain. In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of the Standard Pain Assessment Protocol (SPAP), which we developed based on acute pain guidelines, on pain level, and analgesic consumption. The study population consisted of a total of 101 patients who had arthroscopic shoulder surgery.

The Effect of Cold Vapor Applied for Sore Throat in the Early Postoperative Period.

Purpose: This study was conducted for the purpose of determining the effect of cold vapor applied for sore throat in the early postoperative stage.

Design: A quasi-experimental design was used.

Methods: The study sample consisted of 60 patients who underwent lumbar disc herniation surgery in the Neurosurgery Clinic of Gazi University Health Research and Practice Center in Ankara, Turkey.

The effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on post-thoracotomy pain.

Background: Pain guidelines suggest transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) as a reliable analgesic method in postoperative pain.

Objectives: This study was conducted as a randomized controlled study to determine the effect of TENS on postoperative pain and analgesic consumption in patients who have undergone posterolateral thoracotomy (PLT).

Design: The study was conducted in the Thoracic Surgery Clinic of a university hospital with 40 patients (test group: 20, control group: 20) and its power was 99%.

The Problems Experienced by Parents Providing Postoperative Home Care Following Their Child's Surgery for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip.

Background: Families, especially mothers, experience problems providing home care after their child's surgery for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).

Purpose: To assess the problems experienced by parents providing postoperative home care to their child after DDH surgery.

Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study.