Bioreactor-Controlled Physoxia Regulates TGF-β Signaling to Alter Extracellular Matrix Synthesis by Human Chondrocytes.

Culturing articular chondrocytes under physiological oxygen tension exerts positive effects on their extracellular matrix synthesis. The underlying molecular mechanisms which enhance the chondrocytic phenotype are, however, still insufficiently elucidated. The TGF-β superfamily of growth factors, and the prototypic TGF-β isoforms in particular, are crucial in maintaining matrix homeostasis of these cells.

Intrathecal clonidine in the treatment of intractable pain: a phase I/II study.

Objective: Epidural clonidine has been proven effective in relieving intractable cancer pain, especially neuropathic. This phase I/II study was performed to investigate if intrathecal clonidine is well tolerated and effective for long-term treatment of intractable chronic pain.

Design: Thirty-one patients, previously implanted with programmable pumps and unable to obtain adequate pain relief with opioids and adjuvant oral medications, were enrolled.