Upgrading bio-oil model compound over bifunctional Ru/HZSM-5 catalysts in biphasic system: Complete hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin.

A complete hydrodeoxygenation(HDO) of vanillin to yield cycloalkanes was performed using bifunctional Ru loaded HZSM-5 catalysts with different metal loadings (0.1, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt%) and Si/Al ratios (Si/Al = 23,300) in n-octane/water biphasic system.

One-pot conversion of alginic acid into furfural using Amberlyst-15 as a solid acid catalyst in γ-butyrolactone/water co-solvent system.

One-pot conversion of alginic acid, which was derived from brown algae, to furfural was investigated using various solid acid catalysts. Among the solid acid catalysts tested, Amberlyst-15 showed the highest activity in furfural production in aqueous media. When the effect of reaction media was examined by applying various organic solvent mixtures, it was found that γ-butyrolactone/water co-solvent system was selected as the most appropriate system for the reaction.