Comparison of clinical effects according to the dosage of sufentanil added to 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing cesarean section.

Background: Subarachnoid block is a widely used technique for cesarean section. To improve the quality of analgesia and prolong the duration of analgesia, addition of intrathecal opioids to local anesthetics has been encouraged. We compared the effects of sufentanil 2.

The optimal effect-site concentration of remifentanil to attenuate the pain caused by propofol.

Background: The injection pain of propofol is a frequent and well-known adverse effect. This study was designed to determine the optimal effect-site concentration of remifentanil for minimizing injection pain during induction with propofol.

Methods: A total intravenous anesthetic technique was used for patients undergoing general anesthesia and remifentanil was pretreated to reach a certain target concentration before propofol injection.

300 mm reference wafer fabrication by using direct laser lithography.

We propose a new method based on direct laser lithography to fabricate reference chromium patterns on a silicon wafer. Our method is able to fabricate a maximum 360-mm-diameter pattern with 651-nm-position uncertainty. The minimum pattern size is about 0.