Fermented Larvae Ameliorates Chronic Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice via AMPK and TLR-4/TGF-β1 Pathways.

This study evaluated the hepatoprotective effect of fermented larvae (FPB) in ethanol-induced liver injury mice. As a result of amino acids in FPB, 18 types of amino acids including essential amino acids were identified. In the results of in vitro tests, FPB increased alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities.

Anti-Amnesia-like Effect of Extract by Improving Apoptosis and Neuroinflammation on Trimethyltin-Induced ICR Mice.

This study was conducted to investigate the anti-amnestic property of Korean red pine bark extract (KRPBE) on TMT-induced cognitive decline in ICR mice. As a result of looking at behavioral function, the consumption of KRPBE improved the spatial work ability, short-term learning, and memory ability by Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. KRPBE suppressed antioxidant system damage by assessing the SOD activity, reduced GSH content, and MDA levels in brain tissue.

Suppressed Chronic PM-Exposed Pulmonary Dysfunction via TLR/TGF-β Pathway in BALB/c Mice.

This study investigated the ameliorating effect of the aqueous extract of on PM-induced pulmonary dysfunction. The major compounds of were identified as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleamide using GC/MS and hexadecanamide, oleamide, and 13-docosenamide using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. improved pulmonary antioxidant system deficit by regulating SOD activities and reducing GSH levels and MDA contents.

Korean Red Ginseng Prevents the Deterioration of Lung and Brain Function in Chronic PM-Exposed Mice by Regulating Systemic Inflammation.

This study was conducted to confirm the effects of Korean red ginseng on lung and brain dysfunction in a BALB/c mice model exposed to particulate matter (PM) for 12 weeks. Learning and cognitive abilities were assessed with Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. To evaluate the ameliorating effect of red ginseng extract (RGE), the antioxidant system and mitochondrial function were investigated.

Suppresses PM-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Regulating Gut-Brain Axis via TLR-4/MyD88 Pathway.

This study was conducted to evaluate the cognitive dysfunction improvement effect of aqueous extract of (AECF) by regulating the imbalance of the gut-brain axis in chronic particulate matter (PM)-exposed mice. The physiological compounds of AECF were identified as hexadecanamide, oleamide, octadecanamide, stearidonic acid, and linolenic acid by the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC Q-TOF MS) analysis. To evaluate the effect of PM on the antioxidant system, superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents, reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were measured in colon and brain tissues.

Protective Effect of on PM-Induced Pulmonary Damage in BALB/c Mice via the TGF-β and NF-κB Pathway.

This study aimed to assess the protective effect of an extract of against particulate-matter (PM)-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. The compounds with physiological activity were identified as shanzhiside, secologanoside, loganic acid, chlorogenic acid, secologanic acid, secoxyloganin, quercetin pentoside, and dicaffeoyl quinic acids (DCQA), including 3,4-DCQA, 3,5-DCQA, 4,5-DCQA, and 1,4-DCQA using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). The extract of reduced cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammation in A549 cells.

Korean Red Pine () Bark Extract Attenuates Aβ-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Regulating Cholinergic Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation.

In this study, we investigated the anti-amnesic effect of Korean red pine () bark extract (KRPBE) against amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity. We found that treatment with KRPBE improved the behavioral function in Aβ-induced mice, and also boosted the antioxidant system in mice by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and reducing glutathione (GSH) levels. In addition, KRPBE improved the cholinergic system by suppressing reduced acetylcholine (ACh) content while also activating acetylcholinesterase (AChE), regulating the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), and synaptophysin.