The Relationship Between Work and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: The Moderating Effect of Income, Subjective Socioeconomic Status, and Social Participation.

Objectives: We examined the moderating effects of household income, subjective socioeconomic status (SES), social contact, and social engagement on the work-depressive symptoms relationship.

Methods: We analyzed data from 5,216 adults aged 60 and older from six waves (2008-2018) of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA).

Results: Two-level mixed-effects models showed that within-individual variation in work status was negatively associated with depressive symptoms.

Smooth Emergence from General Anesthesia after Deep Extubation in a Pediatric Patient Diagnosed with Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia: A Case Report.

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a rare genetic disorder where catecholamine causes bidirectional ventricular tachycardia, potentially leading to cardiac arrest. In patients undergoing surgery, sympathetic responses can be triggered in situations associated with surgical stimulations as well as high anxiety before the surgery, anesthetic maneuvers such as endotracheal intubation and extubation, and postoperative pain. Therefore, planning for surgery demands meticulous attention to anesthesia during the perioperative period in order to prevent potentially life-threatening arrhythmias.

Unexpected Tension Pneumothorax Developed during Anesthetic Induction Aggravated by Positive Pressure Ventilation: A Case Report.

Tension pneumothorax is a life-threatening emergency condition that requires immediate diagnosis and intervention. However, due to the non-specific symptoms and the rarity of its occurrence during surgery, anesthesiologists encounter difficulties in promptly diagnosing tension pneumothorax when it arises intraoperatively. Diagnosing tension pneumothorax can become even more challenging in unexpected situations in patients with normal preoperative evaluation for general anesthesia.

Asymptomatic Type 2 Perioperative Myocardial Infarction Detected before Anesthetic Induction in a Patient Undergoing Non-Cardiac Surgery-A Case Report.

: Perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) is a life-threatening complication in major non-cardiac surgeries (NCS) and constitutes the most common cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality. A PMI that is associated with prolonged oxygen supply-demand imbalance and its etiology is defined as a type 2 MI. Asymptomatic myocardial ischemia can occur in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), especially those with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, or, in some cases, without any risk factors.

Management of unanticipated difficult airway in a patient with well-visualized vocal cords using video laryngoscopy - A case report.

Background: Difficult airway occurs due to anatomical abnormalities of the airway that can be predicted through airway assessments; however, abnormalities beyond the vocal cord can be clinically asymptomatic and undetected until intubation failure to advance the endotracheal tube.

Case: We present a case of an unanticipated difficult airway in a stuporous 80-year-old female with a recent history of intracerebral hemorrhage and prolonged intubation. She required emergency ventriculo-peritoneal shunt surgery due to the progression of her hydrocephalus.

Educational value of spinal injection therapy videos in Korean YouTube for back pain patients.

Background: YouTube, the largest online video platform, has become increasingly popular as a source of health information to patients. The aim of the study was to assess whether Korean patients were well informed about spinal injection from YouTube.

Methods: Search for the keyword "cheog-chu ju-sa" in Korean language was done, and the quality of the 51 videos with the highest number of views was evaluated independently by two pain management doctors.

Spinal intramedullary cavernous angioma patient in a pain clinic - A case report.

Background: Spinal intramedullary cavernous angioma is a rare form of spinal cord tumor that is associated with myelopathy and significant morbidity and surgical treatment is almost always required.

Case: We report a case of spinal intramedullary cavernous angioma in a pain clinic with initial symptoms of unilateral interdigital space sensory change. Morton's neuroma and piriformis syndrome were clinically suspected, however, symptoms acutely aggravated, and paraplegia developed following the patient's COVID-19 vaccination.

Carotid Artery Plaque Identification and Display System (MRI-CAPIDS) Using Opensource Tools.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents one modality in atherosclerosis risk assessment, by permitting the classification of carotid plaques into either high- or low-risk lesions. Although MRI is generally used for observing the impact of atherosclerosis on vessel lumens, it can also show both the size and composition of itself, as well as plaque information, thereby providing information beyond that of simple stenosis. Software systems are a valuable aid in carotid artery stenosis assessment wherein commercial software is readily available but is not accessible to all practitioners because of its often high cost.

Using a developmental perspective to examine the moderating effects of marriage on heavy episodic drinking in a young adult sample enriched for risk.

Many studies demonstrate that marriage protects against risky alcohol use and moderates genetic influences on alcohol outcomes; however, previous work has not considered these effects from a developmental perspective or in high-risk individuals. These represent important gaps, as it cannot be assumed that marriage has uniform effects across development or in high-risk samples. We took a longitudinal developmental approach to examine whether marital status was associated with heavy episodic drinking (HED), and whether marital status moderated polygenic influences on HED.

Positive and negative reinforcement are differentially associated with alcohol consumption as a function of alcohol dependence.

A multistage model of drug addiction in which individuals' motivations for use change as they develop problems is widely accepted; however, the evidence for this model comes mostly from animal work and cross-sectional studies. We used longitudinal data to test whether positive and negative reinforcement associated with alcohol consumption differed as a function of alcohol dependence (AD). Specifically, we tested whether (a) positive reinforcement is more strongly associated with alcohol consumption than is negative reinforcement among individuals without AD, (b) negative reinforcement is more strongly associated with AD than is positive reinforcement, and (c) in the presence of AD, the association between positive reinforcement and alcohol consumption becomes weaker, whereas the association with negative reinforcement becomes stronger.

Post-GWAS in Psychiatric Genetics: A Developmental Perspective on the "Other" Next Steps.

As psychiatric genetics enters an era where gene identification is finally yielding robust, replicable genetic associations and polygenic risk scores, it is important to consider next steps and delineate how that knowledge will be applied to ultimately ameliorate suffering associated with substance use and psychiatric disorders. Much of the post-genome-wide association study discussion has focused on the potential of genetic information to elucidate the underlying biology and use this information for the development of more effective pharmaceutical treatments. In this review we focus on additional areas of research that should follow gene identification.

Genes, Environments, and Sex Differences in Alcohol Research.

Objective: The study of sex differences has been identified as one way to enhance scientific reproducibility, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have implemented a new policy to encourage the explicit examination of sex differences. Our goal here is to address sex differences in behavioral genetic research on alcohol outcomes.

Method: We review sex differences for alcohol outcomes and whether the source and magnitude of genetic influences on alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are the same across sexes; describe common research designs for studying sex-specific gene-by-environment interaction (G × E) effects; and discuss the role of statistical power and theory when testing sex-specific genetic effects.

Molecular Genetic Influences on Normative and Problematic Alcohol Use in a Population-Based Sample of College Students.

Genetic factors impact alcohol use behaviors and these factors may become increasingly evident during emerging adulthood. Examination of the effects of individual variants as well as aggregate genetic variation can clarify mechanisms underlying risk. We conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in an ethnically diverse sample of college students for three quantitative outcomes including typical monthly alcohol consumption, alcohol problems, and maximum number of drinks in 24 h.

Using Patterns of Genetic Association to Elucidate Shared Genetic Etiologies Across Psychiatric Disorders.

Twin studies indicate that latent genetic factors overlap across comorbid psychiatric disorders. In this study, we used a novel approach to elucidate shared genetic factors across psychiatric outcomes by clustering single nucleotide polymorphisms based on their genome-wide association patterns. We applied latent profile analysis (LPA) to p-values resulting from genome-wide association studies across three phenotypes: symptom counts of alcohol dependence (AD), antisocial personality disorder (ASP), and major depression (MD), using the European-American case-control genome-wide association study subsample of the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism (N = 1399).

The Impact of Peer Substance Use and Polygenic Risk on Trajectories of Heavy Episodic Drinking Across Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood.

Background: Heavy episodic drinking is developmentally normative among adolescents and young adults, but is linked to adverse consequences in later life, such as drug and alcohol dependence. Genetic and peer influences are robust predictors of heavy episodic drinking in youth, but little is known about the interplay between polygenic risk and peer influences as they impact developmental patterns of heavy episodic drinking.

Methods: Data were from a multisite prospective study of alcohol use among adolescents and young adults with genome-wide association data (n = 412).

Gender and Direction of Effect of Alcohol Problems and Internalizing Symptoms in a Longitudinal Sample of College Students.

Background: Alcohol problems and internalizing symptoms are consistently found to be associated but how they relate to each other is unclear.

Objective: The present study aimed to address limitations in the literature of comorbidity of alcohol problems and internalizing symptoms by investigating the direction of effect between the phenotypes and possible gender differences in college students.

Method: We utilized data from a large longitudinal study of college students from the United States (N = 2607).

Predicting Tobacco Use across the First Year of College.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess patterns of tobacco use across the first year of college, transitions in use, and associated predictors.

Methods: The frequency of tobacco use (cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and hookah) during the fall and spring of 4073 college students' first year at college were used as indicators in latent class (LCA) and latent transition analyses (LTA).

Results: The LCA yielded 3 classes that represent levels of use frequency and not specific tobacco product classes: non-using, experimenting, and frequent using.

The role of romantic relationship status in pathways of risk for emerging adult alcohol use.

Dating several people in emerging adulthood has been associated with higher alcohol use compared with being single or being in an exclusive relationship. As a follow-up to that report, we examined whether romantic relationship status is part of a pathway of risk between antecedent alcohol use risk factors and subsequent alcohol outcomes. Participants were 4,410 emerging adults assessed at 2 time-points during their first year of college.

Patterns of Substance Use Across the First Year of College and Associated Risk Factors.

Starting college is a major life transition. This study aims to characterize patterns of substance use across a variety of substances across the first year of college and identify associated factors. We used data from the first cohort (N = 2056, 1240 females) of the "Spit for Science" sample, a study of incoming freshmen at a large urban university.

Level of response to alcohol as a factor for targeted prevention in college students.

Background: Heavy alcohol consumption and alcohol problems among college students are widespread and associated with negative outcomes for individuals and communities. Although current methods for prevention and intervention programming have some demonstrated efficacy, heavy drinking remains a problem. A previous pilot study and a recent large-scale evaluation (Schuckit et al.

Longitudinal investigation of interpersonal trauma exposure and alcohol use trajectories.

Background: The current longitudinal study examined associations between interpersonal potentially traumatic events (PTEs; i.e., sexual or physical assault) and changes in alcohol consumption among incoming college students.

The predictive power of family history measures of alcohol and drug problems and internalizing disorders in a college population.

A family history (FH) of psychiatric and substance use problems is a potent risk factor for common internalizing and externalizing disorders. In a large web-based assessment of mental health in college students, we developed a brief set of screening questions for a FH of alcohol problems (AP), drug problems (DP) and depression-anxiety in four classes of relatives (father, mother, aunts/uncles/grandparents, and siblings) as reported by the student. Positive reports of a history of AP, DP, and depression-anxiety were substantially correlated within relatives.

Childhood internalizing symptoms are negatively associated with early adolescent alcohol use.

Background: The relationship between childhood internalizing problems and early adolescent alcohol use has been infrequently explored and remains unclear.

Methods: We employed growth mixture modeling of internalizing symptoms for a large, population-based sample of U.K.

Spit for Science: launching a longitudinal study of genetic and environmental influences on substance use and emotional health at a large US university.

Finding genes involved in complex behavioral outcomes, and understanding the pathways by which they confer risk, is a challenging task, necessitating large samples that are phenotypically well characterized across time. We describe an effort to create a university-wide research project aimed at understanding how genes and environments impact alcohol use and related substance use and mental health outcomes across time in college students. Nearly 70% of the incoming freshman class (N = 2715) completed on-line surveys, with 80% of the students from the fall completing spring follow-ups.