Mortality attributable to diabetes in Cuba: Estimates for 2019.

Objective: To estimate the national and provincial number of excess deaths due to diabetes across Cuba in 2019.

Study Design: Cross-sectional design with secondary data.

Methods: We used DISMODII, a computerized generic disease model, to assess disease burden by modelling the relationships between incidence, prevalence, and disease-specific mortality.

Viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in body fluids associated with sexual activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To identify and summarise the evidence on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA detection and persistence in body fluids associated with sexual activity (saliva, semen, vaginal secretion, urine and faeces/rectal secretion).

Eligibility: All studies that reported detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva, semen, vaginal secretion, urine and faeces/rectal swabs.

Information Sources: The WHO COVID-19 database from inception to 20 April 2022.

Health systems analysis and evaluation of the barriers to availability, utilisation and readiness of sexual and reproductive health services in COVID-19-affected areas: a WHO mixed-methods study protocol.

Introduction: COVID-19 has led to an unprecedented increase in demand on health systems to care for people infected, necessitating the allocation of significant resources, especially medical resources, towards the response. This, compounded by the restrictions on movement instituted may have led to disruptions in the provision of essential services, including sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. This study aims to assess the availability of contraception, comprehensive abortion care, sexually transmitted infection prevention and treatment and sexual and gender-based violence care and support services in local health facilities during COVID-19 pandemic.

Sexual behaviour patterns and STI risk: results of a cluster analysis among men who have sex with men in Portugal.

Objectives: Portugal has the highest HIV incidence rate in Western Europe. The proportion assigned to sexual contact between men recently increased to more than 30% of all HIV infections. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are vulnerable to the acquisition of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), increasing the per-contact risk of HIV infection.

The effect of calcium supplementation on blood pressure in non-pregnant women with previous pre-eclampsia: A randomized placebo-controlled study.

Background: Low dietary calcium is associated with the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and evidence suggests that the risks associated with pre-eclampsia are reduced by calcium supplementation. In the general (non-pregnant) population, low dietary calcium intake is associated with hypertension with inconsistent evidence that calcium supplementation may reduce blood pressure. Women with pre-eclampsia are also at risk of hypertension later in life.

Discontinuation and switching of postpartum contraceptive methods over twelve months in Burkina Faso and the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a secondary analysis of the Yam Daabo trial.

Introduction: Women who use contraceptive methods sometimes stop early, use methods intermittently, or switched contraceptive methods. All these events (discontinuations and switching) contribute to the occurrence of unwanted and close pregnancies. This study aimed to explore contraceptive discontinuation and switching during the Yam-Daabo project to measure the effect of interventions on the continuation of contraceptive methods use.

The Effect of Calcium Supplementation on Body Weight Before and During Pregnancy in Women Enrolled in the WHO Calcium and Preeclampsia Trial.

Introduction: Obesity is a major and challenging public health problem. The aim of this substudy is to evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation on body weight in women recruited in the Calcium and Preeclampsia trial.

Methods: Women were recruited before pregnancy and randomized to receive a calcium supplement containing 500 mg of elemental calcium or placebo until 20 weeks' gestation; all women received 1.

Effects of maternal use of hormonal contraception during breastfeeding: Results from a British birth cohort.

Objective: The impact of early hormonal contraception (HC) exposure during breastfeeding on child growth and pubertal and behavioural development was assessed using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (Avon study).

Study Design: The Avon study is a prospective cohort study designed to identify environmental factors affecting child health and development (n = 14,541; delivery dates: 1 April 1991-31 December 1992). This secondary analysis was restricted to breastfed singleton infants.

Effectiveness of post-partum family planning interventions on contraceptive use and method mix at 1 year after childbirth in Kinshasa, DR Congo (Yam Daabo): a single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial.

Background: In rural Burkina Faso, a package of six low-technology, post-partum contraceptive interventions (ie, refresher training for providers, a counselling tool, supportive supervision, daily availability of contraceptive services, client appointment cards, and invitation letters to attend appointments for partners), aimed at strengthening existing primary health-care services and enhancing demand for them, doubled the use of modern contraceptives at 12 months post partum (ie, 55% uptake in intervention recipients vs 29% in routine-care users). This study assessed the effect of a similar package but in urban settings of Kinshasa province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in an effort to reduce the unmet need for post-partum family planning.

Methods: Yam Daabo was a multi-intervention, single-blinded, cluster-randomised controlled trial done in six primary health-care centres (clusters) in Kinshasa.

Post-partum family planning in Burkina Faso (Yam Daabo): a two group, multi-intervention, single-blinded, cluster-randomised controlled trial.

Background: Post-partum family planning services can prevent maternal and child morbidity and mortality in low-resource settings. We assessed the effect of a family planning intervention package on modern contraceptive use at 12 months post partum in predominantly rural Burkina Faso.

Methods: Yam Daabo was a two group, multi-intervention, single-blinded, cluster randomised controlled trial.

Cuban Application of Two Methods for Analyzing Multiple Causes of Death.

INTRODUCTION Mortality analysis based on a single cause of death is not, in most cases, fully informative. There are several more illuminating procedures using a multiple cause of death approach; these are little known and rarely used in Cuba. The simplest of these methods, while methodologically limited, consists of summing all deaths from a specific cause mentioned on death certificates, regardless of whether the cause is listed as underlying or contributing.

Participatory action research to identify a package of interventions to promote postpartum family planning in Burkina Faso and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Background: The YAM DAABO study ("your choice" in Mooré) takes place in Burkina Faso and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It has the objective to identify a package of postpartum family planning (PPFP) interventions to strengthen primary healthcare services and determine its effectiveness on contraceptive uptake during the first year postpartum. This article presents the process of identifying the PPFP interventions and its detailed contents.

Are women with history of pre-eclampsia starting a new pregnancy in good nutritional status in South Africa and Zimbabwe?

Background: Maternal nutritional status before and during pregnancy is an important contributor to pregnancy outcomes and early child health. The aim of this study was to describe the preconceptional nutritional status and dietary intake during pregnancy in high-risk women from South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Methods: This is a prospective observational study, nested to the CAP trial.

Effectiveness of a package of postpartum family planning interventions on the uptake of contraceptive methods until twelve months postpartum in Burkina Faso and the Democratic Republic of Congo: the YAM DAABO study protocol.

Background: Postpartum family planning (PPFP) information and services can prevent maternal and child morbidity and mortality in low-resource countries, where high unmet need for PPFP remains despite opportunities offered by routine postnatal care visits. This study aims to identify a package of PPFP interventions and determine its effectiveness on the uptake of contraceptive methods during the first year postpartum. We hypothesize that implementing a PPFP intervention package that is designed to strengthen existing antenatal and postnatal care services will result in an increase in contraceptive use.

Episiotomy and obstetric outcomes among women living with type 3 female genital mutilation: a secondary analysis.

Background: To investigate the association between type of episiotomy and obstetric outcomes among 6,187 women with type 3 Female Genital Mutilation (FGM).

Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of women presenting in labor to 28 obstetric centres in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal and Sudan between November 2001 and March 2003. Data were analysed using cross tabulations and multivariable logistic regression to determine if type of episiotomy by FGM classification had a significant impact on key maternal outcomes.

The Performance of the Vaginal Discharge Syndromic Management in Treating Vaginal and Cervical Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: This review aimed to synthesize and analyze the diagnostic accuracy and the likelihood of providing correct treatment of the syndromic approach Vaginal Discharge Flowchart in managing cervical infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and vaginal infections caused by Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and Candida albicans. This review will inform updating the WHO 2003 guidelines on Vaginal Discharge syndromic case management.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted on published studies from 01-01-2000 to 30-03-2015 in multiple databases.

Effect of BMI and body weight on pregnancy rates with LNG as emergency contraception: analysis of four WHO HRP studies.

Objective: To estimate the effect of increased body weight and body mass index (BMI) on pregnancy rates with levonorgestrel (LNG) 1.5mg used as emergency contraception (EC).

Methods: The study reviewed data from 6873 women in four WHO-HRP randomized trials on EC conducted between 1993 and 2010.

Global, regional and national levels and trends of preterm birth rates for 1990 to 2014: protocol for development of World Health Organization estimates.

Background: The official WHO estimates of preterm birth are an essential global resource for assessing the burden of preterm birth and developing public health programmes and policies. This protocol describes the methods that will be used to identify, critically appraise and analyse all eligible preterm birth data, in order to develop global, regional and national level estimates of levels and trends in preterm birth rates for the period 1990 - 2014.

Methods: We will conduct a systematic review of civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) data on preterm birth for all WHO Member States, via national Ministries of Health and Statistics Offices.

A multicentre randomized controlled trial of gentle assisted pushing in the upright posture (GAP) or upright posture alone compared with routine practice to reduce prolonged second stage of labour (the Gentle Assisted Pushing study): study protocol.

Background: Fundal pressure (pushing on the upper part of the uterus in the direction of the birth canal) is often performed in routine practice, however the benefit and indications for its use are unclear and vigorous pressure is potentially harmful. There is some evidence that it may be applied routinely or to expedite delivery in some situations (e.g.

The effect of calcium supplementation on blood pressure in non-pregnant women with previous pre-eclampsia: An exploratory, randomized placebo controlled study.

Background: Epidemiological findings suggest that the link between poverty and pre-eclampsia might be dietary calcium deficiency. Calcium supplementation has been associated with a modest reduction in pre-eclampsia, and also in blood pressure (BP).

Methods: This exploratory sub-study of the WHO Calcium and Pre-eclampsia (CAP) trial aims to determine the effect of 500mg/day elemental calcium on the blood pressure of non-pregnant women with previous pre-eclampsia.