Diseases of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tree.

Diseases of the gallbladder include a spectrum of gallstone diseases (cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and cholangitis), cysts, polyps, and malignancy. In this review, we present the incidence, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of these various conditions. Importantly, we report when more urgent referral is indicated, as well as red flags that warrant further intervention and/or management.

Bacteremia in Alcoholic Hepatitis.

species are commensal bacteria of the human oral, gut, and vaginal microbiota that are rarely identified as clinically relevant pathogens. Here, we describe a novel case of bacteremia in a patient with biopsy-proven alcoholic hepatitis. species have been correlated with disease severity and hepatic encephalopathy in liver diseases such as autoimmune hepatitis and cirrhosis.

Nephrotic Syndrome.

Nephrotic syndrome is one cause of end-stage kidney disease. Because edema is a common presenting feature and hypertension and dyslipidemia are often present in nephrotic syndrome, it is important for the primary care physician to suspect this entity. Common causes in adults include diabetic nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous nephropathy.

Second-line chemotherapy use in metastatic colon cancer varies by disease responsiveness.

Background: Improved survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) has been shown to correlate with increased utilization of the 3 active cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), irinotecan, and oxaliplatin, usually administered in 2 lines of therapy. However, it is unclear which patient, disease, and treatment characteristics are associated with the utilization of a second-line regimen.

Patients And Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review.