Fecal microbiota transplantation as a potential therapeutic approach to improve impaired glucose tolerance via gut microbiota modulation in rat model.

Objectives: To investigate the impact of diet-induced gut microbiota alterations on type 2 diabetes and assess the therapeutic potential of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in restoring a balanced gut microenvironment.

Methods: To induce type 2 diabetes, rats were fed a high-sugar high-fat diet (HSFD) for 90 days. After diabetes induction, animals were divided into an HSFD control group, a metformin group (100 mg/kg), and an FMT group (100 mg/kg), receiving treatment for an additional 90 days.

Chitosan: Microsphere Formulation and Characterization for Slow - release Prebiotic Activities in Gut Microbiota Remodelling.

Introduction: Chitosan is a biocompatible, mucoadhesive, and biodegradable polymer widely used for various purposes due to its biological activity and safety. The current study aimed to formulate Chitosan microspheres and conduct an in-vitro evaluation of their cytotoxicity. The concept is focused on targeted gut delivery and biological activities in gut microbiota remodelling.

Formulated chitosan microspheres remodelled the altered gut microbiota and liver miRNA in diet-induced Type-2 diabetic rats.

Chitosan was formulated into a microsphere and comprehensively characterized and evaluated for its anti-inflammatory potential and anti-diabetic properties against the high sugar fat diet-induced diabetic animals. The diabetic model was induced through feeding with a high-sugar fat diet. Metformin, a standard antidiabetic drug, and CMS (chitosan microspheres) were administered orally for 90 days as reversal strategies.

Understanding the role of gut microfloral bifidobacterium in cancer and its potential therapeutic applications.

Gut microbiota research has gained a tremendous amount of attention from the scientific community because of its contribution to gut homeostasis, human health, and various pathophysiological conditions. The early colonizer of the human gut, i.e.

Composition and interaction of maternal microbiota with immune mediators during pregnancy and their outcome: A narrative review.

The connection between maternal microbiota and infant health has been greatly garnered interest for therapeutic purposes. The early resident microbiota perpetually exhibits much more flexibility as compared to that of the adults, and therefore, constant need of understanding the infant as well as maternal microbiota and their implications however has increased. In this review, we focus mainly on the diversity of overall maternal microbiota including the gut, vaginal, colostrum microbiota and how inflammatory markers fluctuate throughout the normal pregnancy as well in pregnancy with complications.

Highly purified charge variants of a proposed biosimilar to Omalizumab: impact on in vitro potency and stability under thermal stress.

Biosimilars are highly complex and similar biological drugs are developed with different manufacturing processes which are not similar to originator manufacturing process. Due to this, biosimilar products inherently have quality differences in comparison to innovator molecule which may be related to size, charge and glycosylation. Despite these differences they are supposed to demonstrate similar behaviour in safety and efficacy profile to the reference product and these differences should not be clinically meaningful.

Charge variants of proposed biosimilar to Omalizumab: Isolation, purification and analysis by HPLC methods.

Omalizumab (Xolair) is a humanized monoclonal antibody derived by recombinant DNA technology. It binds specifically to immunoglobulin E (IgE) which plays a major role in allergic reaction by releasing histamine and other inflammatory factors from mast cells. Omalizumab binds circulatory IgE with high affinity and prevents from its binding to mast cell receptor.

Colonic Microflora Protagonist of Liver Metabolism and Gut Permeability: Study on Mice Model.

Unlabelled: Alteration of gut microflora results in a metabolic imbalance in the liver. In the present study, we investigate the reversal potential of alteration of the colonic microflora via improving metabolism balance and regulating the altered tight junction of the intestinal tract. Animals were fed with high sugar diet to mimic the onset of the pathophysiological conditions of diabetes.

Gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes.

Dietary patterns with excess caloric have shaped a complex metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D involves complications in the metabolism of glucose, lipid, cholesterol and their storage. Along with the metabolic dysregulation, systemic inflammation is also the reason for Insulin Resistance and T2D.

Understanding the Interaction Between Prostaglandins and Toll-Like Receptors in Nicotine-Induced Rectal Tumor in Animals.

Background: In the present study, we tried to understand the crosstalk between prostaglandins-COX-mediated rectal tumors and toll- like receptors in rats.

Methods: The tumor was induced using nicotine (100 μL/mL). Following the induction, the serum and rectal tissue were analyzed for Lipo-polysaccharides (LPS) and prostaglandin E2 in serum, and tissue expression of inflammatory mediators like TLR2,4, NFkB; cancer markers like Matrix metalloproteases 2 (MMP2), 9 and Cyclo-oxygenases 2 (COX-2) were estimated.

Vitamin-H Channeled Self-Therapeutic P-gp Inhibitor Curcumin-Derived Nanomicelles for Targeting the Tumor Milieu by pH- and Enzyme-Triggered Hierarchical Disassembly.

An effective nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery to cancer cells primarily faces limitations like the presence of successive drug delivery barriers, insufficient circulation time, drug leakage, and decreased tumor penetration capacity. With the aim of addressing this paradox, a self-therapeutic, curcumin-derived copolymer was synthesized by conjugation with PEGylated biotin via enzyme- and acid-labile ester and acetal linkages. This copolymer is a prodrug of curcumin and self-assembles into ∼150-200 nm-sized nanomicelles; it is capable of encapsulating doxorubicin (DOX) and hence can be designated as self-therapeutic.

The Combinatorial Effect of Acetate and Propionate on High-Fat Diet Induced Diabetic Inflammation or Metaflammation and T Cell Polarization.

High-fat diet (HFD) alters the gut microbiota and its fermentation products mainly acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Butyrate is well studied as a regulator of host metabolism and inflammation while acetate and propionate still need to be studied. Therefore, we aim to decipher the role of acetate and propionate alone and in combination in HFD-induced diabetic mice.

Carbon nanotube embedded cyclodextrin polymer derived injectable nanocarrier: A multiple faceted platform for stimulation of multi-drug resistance reversal.

A combination of cocktail chemotherapy (CCT), photothermal therapy (PTT) and inhibition of angiogenesis was investigated as an effective approach to combat major challenges of multidrug resistance and non-targeted drug delivery encountered in conventional cancer therapy. An injectable nanocarrier was developed through functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with rationally modified carbohydrate (β-Cyclodextrin-CD) derived pH and thermo responsive polymer. Embedding CNT to CD polymer offers a nanocarrier which effectively demonstrated CCT, high NIR triggered photothermal efficiency, anti-angiogenic potential for selective tumor homing as well as enhanced multi-drug resistance (MDR) reversal with minimal toxic effects on normal cells.

Bacteriocin PJ4 from probiotic lactobacillus reduced adipokine and inflammasome in high fat diet induced obesity.

One of the characteristic features of obesity is increased body weight and accumulation of adipose tissue. It is associated with low grade inflammation and gut dysbiosis. Probiotics and its products could be an ideal strategy to prevent or treat diabetes.

Statins exacerbate glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia in a high sucrose fed rodent model.

Statins are first-line therapy drugs for cholesterol lowering. While they are highly effective at lowering cholesterol, they have propensity to induce hyperglycemia in patients. Only limited studies have been reported which studied the impact of statins on (a) whether they can worsen glucose tolerance in a high sucrose fed animal model and (b) if so, what could be the molecular mechanism.

Short Chain Fatty Acids, pancreatic dysfunction and type 2 diabetes.

The microbiota living in gut influence the immune response, metabolism, mood and behavior. The diet plays a pivotal role in maintaining healthy gut microbiota composition and its fermentation leads to production of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) mainly acetate, propionate and butyrate. During pancreatic dysfunction, insulin mediated suppression of glucagon is impaired leading to uncontrolled glucose production by liver and state of hyperglycemia.

Crucial residues in falcipains that mediate hemoglobin hydrolysis.

Falcipain-2 (FP2) and falcipain-3 (FP3) constitute the major hemoglobinases of Plasmodium falciparum. Previous biochemical and structural studies have explained the mechanism of inhibition of these enzymes by small molecules. However, a residue-level protein-protein interaction (PPI) with its natural macromolecular substrate, hemoglobin is not fully characterized.

β-cyclodextrin based dual-responsive multifunctional nanotheranostics for cancer cell targeting and dual drug delivery.

Multifunctional nanoconjugates possessing an assortment of key functionalities such as magnetism, florescence, cell-targeting, pH and thermo-responsive features were developed for dual drug delivery. The novelty lies in careful conjugation of each of the functionality with magnetic FeO nanoparticles by virtue of urethane linkages instead of silica in a simple one pot synthesis. Further β-cyclodextrin (CD) was utilized to carry hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic drug.

Correction to: Current scenario and future strategies to fight artemisinin resistance.

Author Atul Yadav would like to present his name as Atul only to be the same with his previous publications. The original article has been corrected.

Current scenario and future strategies to fight artemisinin resistance.

Despite several setbacks in the fight against malaria such as insecticide and drug resistance as well as low efficacy of available vaccines, considerable success in reducing malaria burden has been achieved in the past decade. Artemisinins (ARTs and their combination therapies, ACTs), the current frontline drugs against uncomplicated malaria, rapidly kill plasmodial parasites and are non-toxic at short exposures. Though the exact mode of action remains unclear, the endoperoxide bridge, indispensable for ART activity, is thought to react with heme released from hemoglobin hydrolysis and generate free radicals that alkylate multiple protein targets, thereby disrupting proteostasis pathways.

Divergent outcomes of gut microbiota alteration upon use of spectrum antibiotics in high sugar diet-induced diabetes in rats.

: A sugar rich diet induces inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) mainly through gut microbiota alteration. Gut dysbiosis increases lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and reduces propionate and butyrate levels to impair the insulin signalling cascades by different molecular pathways, which progresses into IR. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of spectrum specific antibiotics on the modulation of gut microbiota and its signalling pathways to prevent diet-induced diabetes.

2-[2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino)thiazol-4-yl]acetic acid (Activator-3) is a potent activator of AMPK.

AMPK is considered as a potential high value target for metabolic disorders. Here, we present the molecular modeling, in vitro and in vivo characterization of Activator-3, 2-[2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino)thiazol-4-yl]acetic acid, an AMP mimetic and a potent pan-AMPK activator. Activator-3 and AMP likely share common activation mode for AMPK activation.

ERK1/2 activated PHLPP1 induces skeletal muscle ER stress through the inhibition of a novel substrate AMPK.

Nutritional abundance associated with chronic inflammation and dyslipidemia impairs the functioning of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) thereby hampering cellular responses to insulin. PHLPP1 was identified as a phosphatase which inactivates Akt, the master regulator of insulin mediated glucose homeostasis. Given the suggestive role of PHLPP1 phosphatase in terminating insulin signalling pathways, deeper insights into its functional role in inducing insulin resistance are warranted.