Challenges and options for management of stones in anomalous kidneys: a review of current literature.

Introduction: Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) represent a wide range of disorders that result from developmental abnormalities of the kidneys, urinary collecting tract, and lower urinary tract. There has been extensive development in approaches to the management of stones in normal kidneys with the advent of retrograde intra-renal surgeries (RIRS)/ureteroscopies, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopy/robotics). However, the management of stones in CAKUT is not straightforward and is often challenging for urologists.

Worldwide trends of practice and intervention in paediatric endourology: comparison of European versus Non-European responses.

Introduction: The area of paediatric endourology is unique and is recognised to be challenging, and it requires a certain level of focused training and expertise. Our aim was to conduct a worldwide survey in order to gain an overview regarding the current practice patterns for minimally invasive treatments of paediatric upper urinary tract stone patients.

Material And Methods: The survey was distributed between December 2021 and April 2022 through urology sections and societies in United Kingdom, Latin America and Asia.

The design and validation of a low-cost trans perineal (TP) prostate biopsy simulator for training: improving trainees' confidence and cognitive targeting skills.

Purpose: The aim of this research was to create a novel and low-cost TP prostate biopsy simulator that has face, content and construct validity with high educational value.

Methods: This research developed a trans perineal prostate (TP) biopsy simulator using 3D-printed moulds and tissue-mimicking materials. Important regions (anterior, mid, and posterior zones) were coded with different colours.

European Association of Urology Section of Urolithiasis and International Alliance of Urolithiasis Joint Consensus on Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery for the Management of Renal Stones.

Background: Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) has become the preferred treatment modality for nephrolithiasis. However, because of ongoing uncertainties regarding the optimal perioperative management, operative technique, and postoperative follow-up, as well as a lack of standardization for outcome reporting, consensus is needed to achieve more uniform clinical practice worldwide.

Objective: To develop recommendations for RIRS on the basis of existing data and expert consensus.

Complications After Radical Nephrectomy According to Age: Analysis from the British Association of Urological Surgeons Nephrectomy Audit.

To compare complication rates in radical nephrectomy (RN) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) across different age groups. Retrospective analysis of the British Association of Urological Surgeons Nephrectomy audit database between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2017, was performed. Comparisons were made between different age groups (<60, 60-79, and ≥80) in patients undergoing RN for RCC.

How to maximize the efficacy of shockwave lithotripsy.

Since its introduction in the early 1980s, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) has proven to be a minimally invasive and efficient procedure for the management of renal calculi. It is currently one of the most recommended treatments for small- and medium-sized stones (<20 mm) in most guidelines internationally. The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak could lead to a further increase in ESWL use as it avoids a general anesthetic and its potential complications in patients with COVID-19 infection.

Is Thulium laser enucleation of prostate an alternative to Holmium and TURP surgeries - A systematic review?

To assess efficacy and safety of Thulium laser enucleation of prostate (ThuLEP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is a systemic review based on a comprehensive search of PubMed, Cochrane, and Google scholar databases from inception to 31 March 2020. All studies in English evaluating ThuLEP as well as those comparing it with Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) and Holmium Laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP) were enrolled.

Management of the Distal Ureter in Radical Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

Management of the distal ureter during laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (LNU) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is controversial. The aim of this review was to determine whether this affects oncological outcomes. A literature review was conducted searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in June 2019.

Laparoscopic Nephrolithotomy in a Horseshoe Kidney.

Horseshoe kidney (HSK) is the common renal fusion congenital anomaly, affecting about 0.25% of the global population. Although most HSKs are detected incidentally, they may present with clinical findings, including urinary tract infections (UTI), stone formation, and obstruction.

Laparoscopic Nephrectomy in Patients with Previous Abdominal Surgery.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy is a minimally invasive procedure that provides significant benefits to the patient, such as reduced analgesic requirements and shorter recovery time. While the popularity of laparoscopy has grown substantially, there are associated risks of injury to the blood vessels and/or viscera during the insertion of the laparoscopic ports. Such injuries can lead to a significant increase in mortality rates.

Renal Function Loss After Cryoablation of Small Renal Masses in Solitary Kidneys: European Registry for Renal Cryoablation Multi-Institutional Study.

To estimate and quantify the loss of kidney function in solitary kidneys with small renal masses (SRMs) after laparoscopy-assisted renal cryoablation (LARC), from the European Registry for Renal Cryoablation (EuRECA) database. Of the 808 patients from eight European centers in the database, 102 patients had SRMs in solitary kidneys. Patient demographics, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, Charlson comorbidity index, and tumor characteristics including nephrometry (PADUA) score where available were collected.

Radiation Exposure during Ureterorenoscopy and Laser Lithotripsy: An Analysis of Stone Characteristics.

Introduction And Objectives: Stone formers often have a chronic exposure to significant quantities of ionising radiation from radiological investigations and interventions. Predicting radiation exposure would allow the clinician to quantify expected cumulative radiation and find strategies to minimise exposure. We evaluated radiation exposure during ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy (URS + LL) for a single stone episode and correlated the results to stone characteristics.

A unique presentation of a complex haemorrhagic adrenal pseudocyst.

A man aged 33 years presented with a 3-day history of left-sided testicular discomfort. Clinical examination revealed a large left-sided varicocele. He was referred for a testicular ultrasound, which demonstrated a moderate left-sided varicocele and an associated large suprarenal mass.

Oncological outcomes and complication rates after laparoscopic-assisted cryoablation: a European Registry for Renal Cryoablation (EuRECA) multi-institutional study.

Objective: To assess complication rates and intermediate oncological outcomes of laparoscopic-assisted cryoablation (LCA) in patients with small renal masses (SRMs).

Patients And Methods: A retrospective review of 808 patients treated with LCA for T1a SRMs from 2005 to 2015 at eight European institutions. Complications were analysed according to the Clavien-Dindo classification.

Urolithiasis following urinary diversion.

Urolithiasis is a well-known occurrence after cystectomy and urinary diversion. With high incidence and recurrence rates of urolithiasis, complex anatomy and associated morbidities, these patients remain a management challenge for urologists. The purpose of this review is to examine the literature and consider the risk factors for stone formation in this group of patients and reflect on the reported outcomes with the range of available treatment options.

An unrecognised case of metabolic acidosis following neobladder augmentation cystoplasty.

Introduction: We present a case where there was a delay in the diagnosis of severe metabolic acidosis in a patient with an orthotopic neobladder. There are a growing number of patients with orthotopic neobladders and a wider range of clinicians are encountering these patients. A delay in the diagnosis can lead to significant morbidity but if identified early it can be easily treated.

Partial vs radical nephrectomy for T1 renal tumours: an analysis from the British Association of Urological Surgeons Nephrectomy Audit.

Objectives: To analyse and compare data from the British Association of Urological Surgeons Nephrectomy Audit for perioperative outcomes of partial (PN) and radical nephrectomy (RN) for T1 renal tumours.

Patients And Methods: UK consultants were invited to submit data on all patients undergoing nephrectomy between 1 January and 31 December 2012 to a nationally established database using a standard pro forma. Analysis was made on patient demographics, operative technique, and perioperative data/outcome between PN and RN for T1 tumours.

Prostate cancer with metastases to the kidney: a rare manifestation of a common disease.

A 66-year-old Caucasian man with a background of prostate cancer presented with a progressive history of nausea, reduced appetite, shortness of breath and a distended abdomen. Radiological imaging revealed a left-sided renal mass and gross ascites suggestive of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Subsequent histological examination and immunostaining of renal mass biopsy revealed features characteristic of metastatic moderately differentiated to a focally poorly differentiated, large duct type of prostatic adenocarcinoma.

The story of the condom.

Condoms have been a subject of curiosity throughout history. The idea of safer sex has been explored in ancient and modern history, and has been used to prevent venereal diseases. We conducted a historical and medical review of condoms using primary and secondary sources as well as using the RSM library and the internet.

Proteus: Mythology to modern times.

Aims: It is common knowledge that proteus bacteria are associated with urinary tract infections and urinary stones. Far more interesting however, is the derivation of the word proteus. This study examines the origin of the word proteus, its mythological, historical and literary connections and evolution to present-day usage.

Fournier's gangrene associated with intradermal injection of cocaine.

Introduction: Cocaine abuse is associated with a number of medical complications, most notably arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and cerebral hemorrhages. The injection of cocaine in the penis has been predominantly recorded into the corpus cavernosae and is associated with priapism.

Aim: Here we describe the injection of subcutaneous cocaine within the penile shaft skin producing ischemic necrosis and Fournier's gangrene.