Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease after the Use of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents: A Review for the Cardiovascular Imager.

Gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance has revolutionized cardiac imaging in the last two decades and has emerged as an essential and powerful tool for the characterization and treatment guidance of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. However, due to the high prevalence of chronic renal dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular conditions, the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) after gadolinium exposure has been a permanent concern. Even though the newer macrocyclic agents have proven to be much safer in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure, clinicians must fully understand the clinical characteristics and risk factors of this devastating pathology and maintain a high degree of suspicion to prevent and recognize it.

Hedinger Syndrome with Intraoperative Carcinoid Crisis - Understanding the Pathophysiology for a Successful Management.

Carcinoid tumors can be a cause for right heart valve disease, also known as Hedinger syndrome or carcinoid heart disease. Proper understanding of the pathophysiology is of the uttermost importance for adequate treatment of these patients, especially during heart surgery.

Severe Aortic Regurgitation and Left Main Coronary Artery Ostial Stenosis in a 21-Year-Old Woman: What's Going On?

• TA is a progressive, relapsing large-vessel vasculitis. • TA usually affects the aorta and its major branches. • TA can cause LMCA or ostial lesions in young adults.