Background: Heart failure is frequently associated with kidney disease, and patients with kidney disease are at increased risk of heart failure. The co-occurrence of both entities not only significantly increases morbidity and mortality but also complicates therapy.
Summary: Cardiorenal syndrome often requires a broad, comprehensive, and multidisciplinary approach.
Objective: Inflammatory markers have been assessed for the diagnosis and follow-up of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), but their potential role in predicting the risk for VAP is unknown. We prospectively assessed the evolution of cytokines in mechanically ventilated patients and their predictive and diagnostic role for VAP.
Design: Prospective observational study.