Meldonium long-term excretion period and pharmacokinetics in blood and urine of healthy athlete volunteers.

Meldonium is a metabolic drug whose inclusion in the 2016 List of Prohibited Substances and Methods followed the analysis of data collected under the 2015 World Anti-Doping Agency Monitoring Program. In the early months of 2016, anti-doping laboratories reported an unusually high number of cases in which urine samples contained high concentrations of meldonium. Consequently, the meldonium excretion period in healthy athletes and the substance's long-term urine and blood (plasma) pharmacokinetics became central questions for the anti-doping community to address, to ensure appropriate assessment of the scientific and medical situation, and also fair treatment of athletes from a result management and legal standpoint.