NKX3.1 and PSMA are sensitive diagnostic markers for prostatic carcinoma in bone metastasis after decalcification of specimens.

Background: Prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and NKX3.1 are sensitive and prostate-specific markers frequently used for the diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). International Society of Urological Pathology recommends use of PSA as the initial immunohistochemical (IHC) marker to identify PCa.

Aerosol interleukin-2 induces natural killer cell proliferation in the lung and combination therapy improves the survival of mice with osteosarcoma lung metastasis.

Background: We have previously shown that aerosol interleukin-2 (IL-2) increased the number of intravenously injected human natural killer (NK) cells in the lungs. In this study we investigated whether this increase was secondary to NK cell proliferation and determined the site of the proliferation.

Materials And Methods: Nude mice with osteosarcoma lung metastases were injected with NK cells and treated with aerosol IL-2 or aerosol PBS.

Natural killer cell therapy and aerosol interleukin-2 for the treatment of osteosarcoma lung metastasis.

Background: Survival of patients with osteosarcoma lung metastases has not improved in 20 years. We evaluated the efficacy of combining natural killer (NK) cells with aerosol interleukin-2 (IL-2) to achieve organ-specific NK cell migration and expansion in the metastatic organ, and to decrease toxicity associated with systemic IL-2.

Procedure: Five human osteosarcoma cell lines and 103 patient samples (47 primary and 56 metastatic) were analyzed for NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) expression.