Three species of the millipede family Platyrhacidae from Costa Rica: a new Barydesmus Cook, 1896 and two oldest Nyssodesmus Cook, 1896 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida).

Three species of Platyrhacidae from Costa Rica are treated and illustrated in due detail: Barydesmus truncatus sp. nov., Nyssodesmus alboalatus Cook, 1896, and N.

A new species of the pill millipede genus Verhoeff, 1906 (Diplopoda, Glomerida, Glomeridae) from Myanmar, and notes on (Pocock, 1889).

The taxonomy of the pill millipede genus Verhoeff, 1906, which is restricted to Indochina and currently comprises six described species, is refined and updated. An integrative taxonomic approach was employed that combines morphological examination with DNA barcoding using the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for species identification and delineation. The first objective was to confirm the identity of (Pocock, 1889), a charismatic species known as the "candy pill millipede" due to its vivid coloration, based on specimens collected near the type locality in Myanmar.

The millipede genus Iulidesmus Silvestri, 1895 in Colombia (Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae, Catharosomatini).

The paradoxosomatid genus Iulidesmus Silvestri, 1895 in the fauna of Colombia is shown to presently contain nine species. Three of them are still obscure, two of which could be revised based on type (I. alacer (Attems, 1944)) or new material (Orthomorpha proxima Silvestri, 1898), one is a nomen dubium (Strongylosoma glabrum Peters, 1864), while further six are described as new here: Iulidesmus garciae n.

Review of the millipede genus Mršić, 1996 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae), with descriptions of two new species from Thailand and a key to its species.

The millipede genus Mršić, 1996, so far monospecific and previously known only from Park Belum, Perak State, northern Malaysia, is recorded from a mountain in Betong District, Yala Province, southern Thailand for the first time, being represented there by two new species: and Both new species are found to occur syntopically and can be assumed as narrowly endemic to the Titiwangsa Mountain Range which begins in southern Thailand, crosses the Malaysian border, and extends into east and west coast regions of the Malay Peninsula. In addition, the generic diagnosis is slightly updated, and a key to all three species is provided.

Revision of the species group of the millipede genus Gervais, 1847, with descriptions of five new species from China (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Cambalopsidae).

The -group of is re-assessed and its Chinese component species are presently divided between the following two newly-circumscribed species groups, i.e. the - and the -group.

Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested, monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from West Africa, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae).

Two new genera, Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen.

A new genus and two new species of the millipede family Chelodesmidae from Bahia state, northeastern Brazil, including a likely troglobiont (Diplopoda, Polydesmida).

A new genus and two new species of Chelodesmidae are described from two caves of the Joo Rodrigues river system in Bahia state, northeastern Brazil: Strongylosomides troglobius sp. nov. and Rotundotergum elevatum gen.

Two new species of the millipede family Trichopolydesmidae from Bahia state, northeastern Brazil, including a remarkable threatened troglobiont (Diplopoda, Polydesmida).

Phaneromerium troglopterygotum sp. nov. and Moojenodesmus schubarti sp.

The millipede genus Pandirodesmus Silvestri, 1932 in Trinidad and Tobago, Caribbean, with the description of P. jaggernauthi sp. nov. from Trinidad (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Chelodesmidae, Pandirodesmini).

During several collecting surveys for terrestrial micro-molluscs across Trinidad and Tobago, millipedes of the genus Pandirodesmus were taken by MR on both islands. Samples of P. rutherfordi Shelley Smith, 2015, from Tobago, were recovered in addition to those containing a new species from Trinidad: Pandirodesmus jaggernauthi sp.

The Oriental millipede genus Shear, 1979, with the description of a new species from Thailand and an updated key (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Megalotylidae).

The Oriental genus is reviewed, rediagnosed and shown to comprise 28 species, including from southeastern Thailand. All species are keyed, and their distributions mapped, being highly localized and mainly allopatric. Unlike most congeners, which are largely confined to subtropical environments (including montane to high-montane conditions, up to 3800 m a.

Review of the millipede tribe Polydrepanini, with the description of a new species from Kerala state, southern India (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae, Alogolykinae).

The tribe Polydrepanini is rediagnosed through an elongate, mostly slender, sometimes twisted/helicoid gonofemorite and a more or less thin, mostly flagelliform, suberect, apical or subapical solenomere often forming a conspicuous loop/curve near the base. The tribe presently encompasses seven genera, all redefined, illustrated and keyed: Dasypharkis Attems, 1936, stat. revalid.

Identity of the millipede genus Pyrgodesmus Pocock, 1892, the type genus of the family Pyrgodesmidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida).

Revision of Pyrgodesmus obscurus Pocock, 1892, the only, and type species of Pyrgodesmus Pocock, 1892, shows that the genus currently includes two species, P. obscurus and P. permutatus (Attems, 1936), comb.

The millipede tribe Brachyiulini in the Caucasus (Diplopoda, Julida, Julidae).

The diplopod tribe Brachyiulini is represented in the fauna of the Caucasus by eight genera and 32 species, of which one genus and 14 species are described as new: Vagalinski, , Vagalinski, , Vagalinski, , Vagalinski, , Vagalinski, , Vagalinski, , Vagalinski, , Vagalinski, , Vagalinski, , Vagalinski, , Vagalinski, , Vagalinski, , Vagalinski, , , and Vagalinski, , Colchiobrachyiulus Lohmander, 1936, a former subgenus of Megaphyllum, is here elevated to a full genus, and the genus Grusiniulus Lohmander, 1936 is downgraded to a subgenus of the genus Cyphobrachyiulus Verhoeff, 1900, both , with their previously described species, (Lignau, 1915) and (Lohmander, 1936), respectively, listed as (Attems, 1899) is formally established as a junior subjective synonym of (Karsch, 1881), , and (Golovatch, 1981) is formally synonymised with the typical (Lohmander, 1936), (Lohmander, 1932), originally described in the genus , is here transferred to the former genus, The diagnoses and descriptions of some genera and subgenera are refined and complemented. A key is given to all genera and species of Brachyiulini that occur in the Caucasus, and their distributions are mapped. Several species are recorded as new to the faunas of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, or Russia.

Two new species of the millipede genus Gervais, 1847 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Cambalopsidae) from caves in northern Thailand.

Two new species of the genus Gervais, 1847 are described and illustrated. The first species, , is the second species of the -group to be found in Thailand. It resembles Jiang, Guo, Chen & Xie, 2018, from southern China, but is distinguished by a smaller size and the carinotaxic formula of the collum, combined with ♂ legs 1 bearing very strongly reduced telopodites, the anterior gonopods showing a pair of very long and slender apicomesal processes, and the denser plumose and stout flagella of the posterior gonopods.

The millipede genera Silvestri, 1896 and Verhoeff, 1914 in the Caucasus, with notes on their distributions (Diplopoda, Julida, Julidae).

In the Caucasus, the genera Silvestri, 1896 and Verhoeff, 1914 are shown to include two and four species, respectively: Lohmander, 1932, from Georgia and Armenia, , from Azerbaijan and Dagestan, Russia, (Lohmander, 1936), from Georgia, (Attems, 1903), from Azerbaijan and Iran, (Attems, 1927), from Azerbaijan, and , from Armenia. All these six species are described, illustrated, and keyed, and their distributions are mapped and discussed, based on the literature data and abundant new samples.

The millipede genus Klimakodesmus Carl, 1932, with the description of a new species from Kerala state, southern India (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Pyrgodesmidae).

Klimakodesmus Carl, 1932 is briefly redescribed, rediagnosed, and shown to be an oligotypic genus endemic to southern India and distinct from the particularly similar genus Pyrgodesmus Pocock, 1892, monobasic and endemic to Sri Lanka, by several important features of peripheral and, especially, gonopodal structure. A new species, Klimakodesmus bilobocaudatus sp. nov.

Review of the millipede genus Hedinomorpha Verhoeff, 1934, with descriptions of three new species collected in China by Professor Jochen Martens (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae).

Hedinomorpha martensorum spec. nov., H.

Two new species of the millipede genus Jeekel, 1968 from Shan State, Myanmar (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae).

The predominantly Indochinese to southern Chinese millipede genus presently comprises 76 described species, including two new, and , both described and illustrated based on material from a limestone mountain in Taunggyi District, Shan State, Myanmar. Both new species have been found to occur syntopically near limestone caves and are assumed to be narrowly endemic to the Taunggyi Mountains, southwestern Shan State, Myanmar. A key to all six species known to occur in Myanmar is provided, and their distributions are also mapped.

The millipede tribe Leptoiulini in the Caucasus, with notes on its generic classification (Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae).

The generic classification of the Palaearctic tribe Leptoiulini is revised, with 11 genera being recognized. The main differences between the genera, all presented in a tabular form, lie in the structure of the 2nd and 7th leg-pairs of the male, coupled with gonopodal conformations: the presence/absence and the degree of development of flagella on the promeres, and of the phylacum and velum on the opisthomeres. Based on abundant new material, only three genera and seven species of Leptoiulini, all keyed, mapped and properly illustrated, are shown to occur in the Caucasus: Chatoleptophyllum flexum Golovatch, 1979, Kubaniulus gracilis Lohmander, 1936, K.

The millipede family Polyxenidae (Diplopoda, Polyxenida) in the faunas of the Crimean Peninsula and Caucasus, with notes on other European Polyxenidae.

The Polyxenidae in the fauna of the Crimeo-Caucasian region is represented by four species: Polyxenus lagurus (Linnaeus, 1758) (= P. lagurus caucasicus Lignau, 1924, syn. n.

The first representatives of the millipede family Glomeridellidae (Diplopoda, Glomerida) recorded from China and Indochina.

A new species of glomeridellid millipede is described from Guizhou Province, southern China: This new epigean species differs very clearly in many structural details, being sufficiently distinct morphologically and disjunct geographically from Nguyen, Sierwald & Marek, 2019, the type and sole species of Nguyen, Sierwald & Marek, 2019, which was described recently from northern Vietnam. The genus is formally relegated from Glomeridae and assigned to the family Glomeridellidae, which has hitherto been considered strictly Euro-Mediterranean in distribution and is thus new to the diplopod faunas of China and Indochina. is re-diagnosed and shown to have perhaps the basalmost position in the family Glomeridellidae.

Two new species of the millipede genus Silvestri, 1923 from Cambodia (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida).

Two new species of are described from southern Cambodia. is clearly distinguished from all congeners by the shape of the telopodites of the posterior gonopods which are distinctly serrate laterally and by the anterior gonopods showing only a pair of single, smooth and curved coxosternal processes. sp.

Diversity and distribution of the millipedes (Diplopoda) of Georgia, Caucasus.

The diplopod fauna of Georgia, Transcaucasia, is very rich given the country's relatively small territory; it presently comprises 103 species from 44 genera, 12 families, and 7 orders. Most of the Diplopoda known from Georgia (86 species, or 83%) demonstrate Caucasian distribution patterns, 36 and 46 species, as well as 8 and 9 genera being endemic or subendemic to the country, respectively. A single Holarctic family, Anthroleucosomatidae (order Chordeumatida), contains 44 Caucasian species and 20 genera, of which 27 species and 14 genera are endemic or subendemic to Georgia.

Diversity, distribution patterns, and fauno-genesis of the millipedes (Diplopoda) of mainland China.

Based on all available information, 339 species from 71 genera, 26 families, and eleven orders of Diplopoda have hitherto been recorded from mainland China, the fauna thus being very rich, albeit far from completely known, comprising various zoogeographic elements and populating very different environments. Diplopods mainly occur in various woodlands, in caves, and high in the mountains. Most species (> 90 %, usually highly localised, including 160 cavernicoles), 18 genera, and one family are strictly endemic to continental China.

The millipede genus Attems, 1914, endemic to São Tomé and Príncipe, with the description of a new species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae).

During a soil zoological expedition to São Tomé and Príncipe in 2010 by the California Academy of Sciences, millipedes of the genus were collected. Samples of (Karsch, 1884) and (Karsch, 1884) were recovered in addition to those containing a new species. is described and additional records, illustrations, and descriptive notes are given for the other two species.