Stem cell therapy for vocal fold regeneration after scarring: a review of experimental approaches.

This review aims at becoming a guide which will help to plan the experimental design and to choose adequate methods to assess the outcomes when testing cell-based products in the treatment of the damaged vocal folds. The requirements to preclinical trials of cell-based products remain rather hazy and dictated by the country regulations. Most parameters like the way the cells are administered, selection of the cell source, selection of a carrier, and design of in vivo studies are decided upon by each research team and may differ essentially between studies.

Analytical method for parameterizing the random profile components of nanosurfaces imaged by atomic force microscopy.

The functional properties of many technological surfaces in biotechnology, electronics, and mechanical engineering depend to a large degree on the individual features of their nanoscale surface texture, which in turn is a function of the surface manufacturing process. Among these features, the surface irregularities and self-similarity structures at different spatial scales, especially in the range of 1 to 100 nm, are of high importance because they greatly affect the surface interaction forces acting at a nanoscale distance. An analytical method for parameterizing the surface irregularities and their correlations in nanosurfaces imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM) is proposed.

Anomalous diffusion as a stochastic component in the dynamics of complex processes.

We propose an interpolation expression using the difference moment (Kolmogorov transient structural function) of the second order as the average characteristic of displacements for identifying the anomalous diffusion in complex processes when the stochastic (the term "stochastic" in this paper refers to random variability in the signals of complex systems characterized by nonlinear interactions, dissipation, and inertia) dynamics of the system under study reaches a steady state (large time intervals). Our procedure based on this expression for identifying anomalous diffusion and calculating its parameters in complex processes is applied to the analysis of the dynamics of blinking fluorescence of quantum dots, x-ray emission from accreting objects, fluid velocity in Rayleigh-Bénard convection, and geoelectrical signal for a seismic area. For all four examples, the proposed interpolation is able to adequately describe the stochastic part of the experimental difference moment, which implies that anomalous diffusion manifests itself in these complex processes.