A standardized and safe method of sterile field maintenance during intra-operative horizontal plane fluoroscopy.

Background: Intra-operative fluoroscopy for orthopaedic procedures frequently involves imaging in the horizontal plane, which requires the lower portion of the C-arm (x-ray tube) to be rotated from an unsterile zone (beneath the table) into the sterile field. To protect the integrity of the sterile field the C-arm must be draped repeatedly throughout the surgical case. The current, un-standardized, practice employs draping procedures which violate the Association of peri-Operative Registered Nurses (AORN) Standards and Recommended Practices, waste time and material, and pose an increased risk for surgical site infection.

The mechanical behavior of activated skeletal muscle during stretch: effects of muscle unloading and MyHC isoform shifts.

The response of activated skeletal muscle to a ramp stretch is complex. Force rises rapidly above the isometric plateau during the initial phase of stretch. However, after a strain of approximately 1-2%, force yields and continues to rise but with a slower slope.