High-throughput screening of large volumes of whole blood using structured illumination and fluorescent on-chip imaging.

Undiluted blood samples are difficult to image in large volumes since blood constitutes a highly absorbing and scattering medium. As a result of this limitation, optical imaging of rare cells (e.g.

Bit error rates for general beams.

In order to analyze the effect of beam type on free space optical communication systems, bit error rate (BER) values versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are calculated for zero order and higher order general beam types, namely for Gaussian, cos-Gaussian, cosh-Gaussian, and annular beams. BER analysis is based on optical scintillation using log-normal distribution for the intensity, which is valid in weak atmospheric turbulence. BERs for these beams are plotted under variations of propagation length, source size, wavelength of operation, and order of the beam.