Immunohistochemical expression of p53, p63, c-myc, p21(WAF1/cip1) and p27(kip1) proteins in urothelial bladder carcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological parameters.

Purpose: To reevaluate the expression levels of p53, p63, c-myc, p21(WAF1/cip1) and p27(kip1) proteins and their potential association with standard clinicopathological parameters, including tumor stage and grade, in urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC).

Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed in 100 transurethral resection specimens obtained from prospectively identified patients with primary UBC.

Results: Overall, 26, 41 and 75% of the cases showed positive staining for p53, p63 and c-myc, respectively, while p21(WAF1/cip1) and p27(kip1) expression levels were altered in 75 and 88% of the cases, respectively.

The VEGF pathway in lung cancer.

Introduction: Lung cancer is a disease whose prognosis has remained poor in the last decades. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular pathways behind this disease have revealed several mediators of important tumor functions. One of these functions is angiogenesis, which is considered essential for tumor growth and propagation, and a key mediator promoting this process is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).