Association between long-term PM exposure and mortality on Sumatra Island: Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 2000-2014.

The concentration of PM (particulate matter with a diameter < 2.5 µm) on Sumatra Island has increased, mainly because of forest and peatland fires, transportation, and industry. Biomass burning releases partially burned carbon into the atmosphere, resulting in a smoky haze containing PM.

High-efficiency carbon-coated steel wool filter for controlling cooking-induced oil smoke.

Cooking oil smoke (COS) contains many harmful substances, such as particulate matter, formaldehyde, and phenyl esters. Currently, commercial COS treatment equipment is expensive and requires a large space. Furthermore, a large amount of agricultural waste is generated and is mainly burned onsite, producing large amounts of greenhouse gases and air pollutants.

Association between satellite-based estimates of long-term PM exposure and cardiovascular disease: evidence from the Indonesian Family Life Survey.

Exposure to particulate matter with a diameter < 2.5 µm (PM) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of both morbidity and mortality in Indonesia, accounting for one-third of all deaths. Indonesian authorities started to monitor PM levels in urban areas in 2015.