Virulence Associations and Global Context of Genetic Diversity in Iranian Populations of .

Managing pathogen damage in wheat production is important for sustaining yields. Fungal plant pathogen genomes encode many small secreted proteins acting as effectors that play key roles in the successful colonization of host tissue and triggering host defenses. is the first described avirulence effector, which triggers -mediated immunity in the wheat host in a gene-for-gene manner.

Apple Endophytic fungi and their antagonism against apple scab disease.

Endophytic fungi are microorganisms with the ability to colonize plants for the entire or at least a significant part of their life cycle asymptomatically, establishing a plant-fungus association. They play an important role in balancing ecosystems, as well as benefiting host through increasing plant growth, and protecting the host plants from abiotic and biotic stresses using various strategies. In the present study, endophytic fungi were isolated from wild and endemic apple cultivars, followed by characterizing their antifungal effect against .