Pharmacokinetic analysis of nicotine and its metabolites (cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) in male Sprague-Dawley rats following nose-only inhalation, oral gavage, and intravenous infusion of nicotine.

Nicotine is an alkaloid found in tobacco. Human exposure to nicotine primarily occurs through the use of tobacco products. To date, limited nicotine pharmacokinetic data in animals have been reported.

Complete genome sequences of CP201 isolated from an asymptomatic rhesus monkey ().

is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis. The genome sequence of CP201 from an asymptomatic rhesus monkey, , consists of one chromosome (3,241,413 bp; 30.22% G + C) and one plasmid (92,983 bp; 28.

Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus toyonensis Strain HA0190, Isolated from a Commercial Hydroxyapatite Product Extensively Used as a Synthetic Bone Graft Substitute.

Bacillus toyonensis is a member of the Bacillus cereus group and is used as a probiotic in animal feeds and biological applications. We report the 5.8-Mbp genome sequence of strain HA0190, an isolate from a commercial hydroxyapatite nanoparticle product.

90-day nose-only inhalation toxicity study of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in Sprague-Dawley rats.

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of the key tobacco-specific nitrosamines that plays an important role in human lung carcinogenesis. Repeated dose inhalation toxicity data on NNK, particularly relevant to cigarette smoking, however, is surprisingly limited. Hence, there is a lack of direct information available on the carcinogenic and potential non-carcinogenic effects of NNK via inhalational route exposure.

14-Day Nose-Only Inhalation Toxicity and Haber's Rule Study of NNK in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of the key tobacco-specific nitrosamines that plays an important role in human lung carcinogenesis. However, repeated inhalation toxicity data on NNK, which is more directly relevant to cigarette smoking, are currently limited. In the present study, the subacute inhalation toxicity of NNK was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats.

Evaluation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) mutagenicity using in vitro and in vivo Pig-a assays.

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a genotoxic carcinogen found in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Several in vitro and in vivo assays have been used for evaluating the genotoxicity of tobacco smoke and tobacco smoke constituents like NNK, yet it is not clear which in vitro assays are most appropriate for extrapolating the in vitro responses of these test agents to animal models and humans. The Pig-a gene mutation assay can be performed in vitro, in laboratory animals, and in humans, a potential benefit in estimating in vivo responses from in vitro data.

Varying levels of difficulty index of skills-test items randomly selected by examinees on the Korean emergency medical technician licensing examination.

Purpose: The goal of this study was to characterize the difficulty index of the items in the skills test components of the class I and II Korean emergency medical technician licensing examination (KEMTLE), which requires examinees to select items randomly.

Methods: The results of 1,309 class I KEMTLE examinations and 1,801 class II KEMTLE examinations in 2013 were subjected to analysis. Items from the basic and advanced skills test sections of the KEMTLE were compared to determine whether some were significantly more difficult than others.

Genomic Sequence of a Clinical Vancomycin-Resistant Reference Strain, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299.

In this paper, we present a draft genome sequence of a quality control reference strain, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299 (multilocus sequencing type [MLST] ST6), which is sensitive to teicoplanin but resistant to vancomycin. It is used in an agar screening test for streptomycin, gentamicin, and vancomycin resistance and the resistance marker vanB.

Draft Genome Sequence of a vanA-Type Vancomycin-Resistant Reference Strain, Enterococcus faecium ATCC 51559.

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium has emerged as a multidrug-resistant pathogen in hospital settings. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of a high-level vancomycin-resistant strain, E. faecium ATCC 51559, which is employed as a standard laboratory vanA genotype-positive control strain for clinical and laboratory studies.

Draft Genome Sequence of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Clinical Isolate VRE3, with a Sequence Type 16 Pattern and Novel Structural Arrangement of Tn1546.

Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium has emerged as a nosocomial pathogen that may infect the body at various sites, including the gastrointestinal tract, and has serious implications in human health and disease. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of clinical strain VRE3, which exhibited a sequence type 16 (ST16) pattern and carried truncated Tn1546, a mobile genetic element encoding a high level of vancomycin resistance.

Iron oxide nanotubes synthesized via template-based electrodeposition.

Considerable effort has been invested in the development of synthetic methods for the preparation iron oxide nanostructures for applications in nanotechnology. While a variety of structures have been reported, only a few studies have focused on iron oxide nanotubes. Here, we present details on the synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanotubes along with a proposed mechanism for FeOOH tube formation.