Engineering Grain Boundaries in Two-Dimensional Electronic Materials.

Engineering the boundary structures in 2D materials provides an unprecedented opportunity to program the physical properties of the materials with extensive tunability and realize innovative devices with advanced functionalities. However, structural engineering technology is still in its infancy, and creating artificial boundary structures with high reproducibility remains difficult. In this review, various emergent properties of 2D materials with different grain boundaries, and the current techniques to control the structures, are introduced.

Preparation and Evaluation of Pluronic Lecithin Organogels in Cosmetics.

This study was performed to investigate the application of pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO gel) in cosmetics as a topical drug delivery system. PLO gel was known as transdermal drug delivery systems. It has a very interesting system, owing to their biocompatibility; their amphiphilic nature, facilitating dissolution of various drug classes; and their permeation enhancement properties.

Wafer-Scale Programmed Assembly of One-Atom-Thick Crystals.

Crystalline films offer various physical properties based on the modulation of their thicknesses and atomic structures. The layer-by-layer assembly of atomically thin crystals provides a powerful means to arbitrarily design films at the atomic level, which are unattainable with existing growth technologies. However, atomically clean assembly of the materials with high scalability and reproducibility remains challenging.

Graphene Nanoribbon Grids of Sub-10 nm Widths with High Electrical Connectivity.

Quasi-one-dimensional (1D) graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have finite band gaps and active edge states and therefore can be useful for advanced chemical and electronic devices. Here, we present the formation of GNR grids via seed-assisted chemical vapor deposition on Ge(100) substrates. Nucleation seeds, provided by unzipped C, initiated growth of the GNRs.

Pristine Graphene Insertion at the Metal/Semiconductor Interface to Minimize Metal-Induced Gap States.

Metal (M) contact with a semiconductor (S) introduces metal-induced gap states (MIGS), which makes it difficult to study the intrinsic electrical properties of S. A bilayer of metal with graphene (Gr), ., a M/Gr bilayer, may form a contact with S to minimize MIGS.

All-Dry Transfer of Graphene Film by van der Waals Interactions.

We report a method that uses van der Waals interactions to transfer continuous, high-quality graphene films from Ge(110) to a different substrate held by hexagonal boron nitride carriers in a clean, dry environment. The transferred films are uniform and continuous with low defect density and few charge puddles. The transfer is effective because of the weak interfacial adhesion energy between graphene and Ge.

Safety assessment of chromium by exposure from cosmetic products.

Low level impurities often reside in cosmetic products. The aim of the present study was to estimate the human exposure to chromium from cosmetic products purchased at a local market in South Korea, and to assess the risk on public health. Hexavalent chromium is an impurity substance that contaminates cosmetic products during manufacture.

Lithiasis in a heterotopic pancreas of the stomach.

A heterotopic pancreas is a relatively uncommon abnormality and usually of no clinical importance. A heterotopic pancreas is subject to various pathologic changes occurring in the pancreas, however, such as acute pancreatitis, cyst or abscess formation, pancreatic cancer, and islet cell tumor. We describe a rare case of a heterotopic pancreas presenting as a gastric submucosal mass with punctate calcifications occurring in a 43-year-old man.