Outcome of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection depends on genetic background in female mice.

Antigenically distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants increase the reinfection risk for vaccinated and previously exposed population due to antibody neutralization escape. COVID-19 severity depends on many variables, including host immune responses, which differ depending on genetic predisposition. To address this, we perform immune profiling of female mice with different genetic backgrounds -transgenic K18-hACE2 and wild-type 129S1- infected with the severe B.

Targeting uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 in liver disease: Current research and future directions.

The current letter to the editor pertains to the manuscript entitled 'Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 prevents the progression of liver injury'. Increased levels of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 during liver injury could mitigate damage by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and dysregulated lipid metabolism, impeding hepatocyte apoptosis and necroptosis.

Induction of protective immune responses at respiratory mucosal sites.

Many pathogens enter the host through mucosal sites. Thus, interfering with pathogen entry through local neutralization at mucosal sites therefore is an effective strategy for preventing disease. Mucosally administered vaccines have the potential to induce protective immune responses at mucosal sites.

Vaccine Development for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Dogs.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a life-threatening viral zoonosis. The causative agent of this disease is the Dabie bandavirus, which is usually known as the SFTS virus (SFTSV). Although the role of vertebrates in SFTSV transmission to humans remains uncertain, some reports have suggested that dogs could potentially transmit SFTSV to humans.

Difference in Intraspecies Transmissibility of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Depending on Abrogating Type 1 Interferon Signaling in Mice.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), a tick-borne zoonotic disease, is caused by infection with SFTS virus (SFTSV). A previous study reported that human-to-human direct transmission of SFTSV can occur. However, potential animal-to-animal transmission of SFTSV without ticks has not been fully clarified.

SARS-CoV-2 exploits cellular RAD51 to promote viral propagation: implication of RAD51 inhibitor as a potential drug candidate against COVID-19.

Viruses are constantly evolving to promote propagation in the host. Here, we show that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) utilizes host RAD51 for replication. Silencing of RAD51 impaired SARS-CoV-2 propagation.

Prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2 and type 3 in slaughtered pigs and wild boars in Korea.

Background: Porcine circovirus, a non-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, is a major pathogen of porcine circovirus-associated disease. Porcine circovirus 3, a novel porcine circovirus, has been identified in individuals with clinical symptoms.

Objectives: The prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine circovirus 3 and the confirmation of diagnosis of this emerging viral disease have not been fully studied yet.

Lipid Nanoparticle Encapsulation Empowers Poly(I:C) to Activate Cytoplasmic RLRs and Thereby Increases Its Adjuvanticity.

Poly(I:C) is a synthetic analogue of dsRNA capable of activating both TLR3 and RLRs, such as MDA-5 and RIG-I, as pathogen recognition receptors. While poly(I:C) is known to provoke a robust type I IFN, type III IFN, and Th1 cytokine response, its therapeutic use as a vaccine adjuvant is limited due to its vulnerability to nucleases and poor uptake by immune cells. is encapsulated poly(I:C) into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) containing an ionizable cationic lipid that can electrostatically interact with poly(I:C).

Assessment of BoHV-4-based vector vaccine intranasally administered in a hamster challenge model of lung disease.

Introduction: Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a bovine not associated with a specific pathological lesion or disease and experimentally employed as a viral vector vaccine. BoHV-4-based vector (BoHV-4-BV) has been shown to be effective in immunizing and protecting several animal species when systemically administrated through intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, or intraperitoneal routes. However, whether BoHV-4-BV affords respiratory disease protection when administered intranasally has never been tested.

Multicomponent intranasal adjuvant for mucosal and durable systemic SARS-CoV-2 immunity in young and aged mice.

Multiple FDA-approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines currently provide excellent protection against severe disease. Despite this, immunity can wane relatively fast, particularly in the elderly and novel viral variants capable of evading infection- and vaccination-induced immunity continue to emerge. Intranasal (IN) vaccination more effectively induces mucosal immune responses than parenteral vaccines, which would improve protection and reduce viral transmission.

Inhibition of DAMP actions in the tumoral microenvironment using lactoferrin-glycyrrhizin conjugate for glioblastoma therapy.

Background: High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) released from the tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in the tumor progression. HMGB1 serves as a damaged-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that induces tumor angiogenesis and its development. Glycyrrhizin (GL) is an effective intracellular antagonist of tumor released HMGB1, but its pharmacokinetics (PK) and delivery to tumor site is deficient.

The presence of anthracosis is associated with the environmental air quality of zoo, wildlife, and companion animals in Jeollabuk-do Province, South Korea.

Objective: To determine pulmonary anthracosis in zoo, wildlife, and companion animals of Jeollabuk-do Province, South Korea.

Animals: A total of 350 animals of 61 different species, belonging to 3 classes (mammals: n = 38; avian: 21; and reptiles: 2) from different habitats in Jeollabuk-do Province, were examined.

Procedures: Gross lung examination and tissue sampling were done at postmortem, and histopathological analysis was microscopically done on hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides.

Non-invasive administration of AAV to target lung parenchymal cells and develop SARS-CoV-2-susceptible mice.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene delivery holds great promise for gene therapy. However, the non-invasive delivery of AAV for lung tissues has not been adequately established. Here, we revealed that the intratracheal administration of an appropriate amount of AAV2/8 predominantly targets lung tissue.

Glycyrrhizin as a Nitric Oxide Regulator in Cancer Chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy is used widely for cancer treatment; however, the evolution of multidrug resistance (MDR) in many patients limits the therapeutic benefits of chemotherapy. It is important to overcome MDR for enhanced chemotherapy. ATP-dependent efflux of drugs out of cells is the main mechanism of MDR.

Experimental infection of dogs with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus: Pathogenicity and potential for intraspecies transmission.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by infection with Dabie bandavirus [formerly SFTS virus (SFTSV)] and is an emerging zoonotic disease. Dogs can be infected with SFTSV, but its pathogenicity and transmissibility have not been fully elucidated. In experiment 1, immunocompetent dogs were intramuscularly inoculated with SFTSV.

Pathogenicity of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in mice regulated in type I interferon signaling: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia and type I interferon.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging zoonotic disease, which causes high fever, thrombocytopenia, and death in humans and animals in East Asian countries. The pathogenicity of SFTS virus (SFTSV) remains unclear. We intraperitoneally infected three groups of mice: wild-type (WT), mice treated with blocking anti-type I interferon (IFN)-α receptor antibody (IFNAR Ab), and IFNAR knockout (IFNAR) mice, with four doses of SFTSV (KH1, 5 × 10 to 5 × 10 FAID).

Amino/Amido Conjugates Form to Nanoscale Cobalt Physiometacomposite (PMC) Materials Functionally Delivering Nucleic Acid Therapeutic to Nucleus Enhancing Anticancer Activity via Ras-Targeted Protein Interference.

Aberrant splicing and protein interaction of Ras binding domain (RBD) are associated with melanoma drug resistance. Here, cobalt or nickel doped zinc oxide (ZnO) physiometacomposite (PMC) materials bind to RNA and peptide shown by Ninhydrin staining, UV-vis, Fourier transform infrared, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. PMCs deliver splice switching oligomer (SSO) into melanoma cells or 3-D tumor spheroids shown by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and bioluminescence.

Pathogenicity of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in three chicken breeds from South Korea in 2016/2017.

In 2016, novel H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus emerged in Korea. During the outbreak, the virus caused the largest culling, especially in brown chicken lines. We determined the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the virus in 2 white chicken lines of the specific pathogen-free chickens, broilers and brown chicken line of Korean native chicken (KNC).

Spray-Formed Layered Polymer Microneedles for Controlled Biphasic Drug Delivery.

In this study we present polymeric microneedles composed of multiple layers to control drug release kinetics. Layered microneedles were fabricated by spraying poly(lactic--glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in sequence, and were characterized by mechanical testing and ex vivo skin insertion tests. The compression test demonstrated that no noticeable layer separation occurred, indicating good adhesion between PLGA and PVP layers.

Different pathogenicity of two strains of clade 2.3.4.4c H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses bearing different PA and NS gene in domestic ducks.

H5Nx clade 2.3.4.

Influence of shell compositions of solution blown PVP/PCL core-shell fibers on drug release and cell growth.

Developing a facile means of controlling drug release is of utmost interest in drug delivery systems. In this study, core-shell structured nanofibers containing a water-soluble porogen were fabricated solution blow spinning, to be used as drug-loaded bioactive tissue scaffolds. Hydrophilic polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydrophobic poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) were chosen to produce the core and the shell compartments of the fiber, respectively.

Fabrication of Circular Obelisk-Type Multilayer Microneedles Using Micro-Milling and Spray Deposition.

In this study we present the fabrication of multilayer microneedles with circular obelisk and beveled-circular obelisk geometries, which have potential applications in implantable drug delivery devices. Micro-milling was adopted as an environmental-friendly and cost-effective way to fabricate primary metal microneedle masters. Polylactic acid (PLA) microneedles with sharp tips were then obtained by micromolding followed by oxygen plasma etching and used for preparing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microneedle molds.

Doxorubicin Release Controlled by Induced Phase Separation and Use of a Co-Solvent.

Electrospun-based drug delivery is emerging as a versatile means of localized therapy; however, controlling the release rates of active agents still remains as a key question. We propose a facile strategy to control the drug release behavior from electrospun fibers by a simple modification of polymer matrices. Polylactic acid (PLA) was used as a major component of the drug-carrier, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox) was used as a model drug.