Efficient Green Extraction of Nutraceutical Compounds from : A Comparative Electrospray Ionization LC-MS and GC-MS Analysis for Lipid Profiling.

Microalgae have been described as a potential alternative source of a wide range of bioactive compounds, including polar lipids and carotenoids. Specifically, is described as producing large amounts of polar lipids, such as glycolipids and phospholipids. These natural active compounds serve as key ingredients for food, cosmetic, or nutraceutical applications.

Optimizing the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from (Rhodophyta): Evaluating Alkaline and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Nutraceutical Applications.

is one of the most economically significant and widely cultured and consumed algae in the world. species present excellent nutraceutic properties due to their bioactive compounds (BACs). This research aimed to find the most efficient aqueous extraction method for BACs by examining alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis.

Integrated Process for Oil Extraction, Enzymatic Modification of Lipids and Concentration of DHA Fatty Acid Esters Using Alternative Methodologies.

Marine microalgae sp. have a high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid that is attracting interest since it prevents certain neurodegenerative diseases. The obtention of a bioactive and purified DHA fatty acid ester using a whole-integrated process in which renewable sources and alternative methodologies are employed is the aim of this study.

Development of Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Omega-3-Rich Extract of Microalga .

Microalgae are described as a new source of a wide range of bioactive compounds with health-promoting properties, such as omega-3 lipids. This biomass product is gaining attention mainly due to its potential to accumulate different compounds depending on the species and environment, and it has been commonly recognized as a valuable nutraceutical alternative to fish and krill oils. In this work, we obtained the extract of the microalga , selected on the basis of its content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and glycolipids, which were determined using GC-MS and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively.

Therapeutic Approaches for Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Damage to the retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane and/or tissues underlying macula is known to increase the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is commonly categorized in two distinct types, namely, the nonexudative (dry form) and the exudative (wet form). Currently, there is no ideal treatment available for AMD.

Nutraceuticals and Food-Grade Lipid Nanoparticles: From Natural Sources to a Circular Bioeconomy Approach.

Nutraceuticals have gained increasing attention over the last years due to their potential value as therapeutic compounds formulated from natural sources. For instance, there is a wide range of literature about the cardioprotective properties of omega-3 lipids and the antioxidant value of some phenolic compounds, which are related to antitumoral activity. However, the value of nutraceuticals can be limited by their instability under gastric pH and intestinal fluids, their low solubility and absorption.

Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates and Their Application in Enzymatic Pretreatment of Microalgae: Comparison Between CLEAs and Combi-CLEAs.

Carrier-free immobilization is a key process to develop efficient biocatalysts able to catalyze the cell wall degradation in microalgae where the traditional solid supports cannot penetrate. Thus, the insolubilization of commercial Celluclast®, Alcalase®, and Viscozyme® enzymes by carrier-free immobilization and their application in microalgae pretreatment was investigated. In this study, different precipitants at different ratios (ethanol, acetone, and polyethylene glycol 4000) were tested in the first part of the method, to establish the precipitation conditions.

Combination of Synergic Enzymes and Ultrasounds as an Effective Pretreatment Process to Break Microalgal Cell Wall and Enhance Algal Oil Extraction.

Microalgal biomass is a sustainable source of bioactive lipids with omega-3 fatty acids. The efficient extraction of neutral and polar lipids from microalgae requires alternative extraction methods, frequently combined with biomass pretreatment. In this work, a combined ultrasound and enzymatic process using commercial enzymes Viscozyme, Celluclast, and Alcalase was optimized as a pretreatment method for , where the Folch method was used for lipid extraction.

Biobased Solvents for Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Omega-3 Lipids.

To develop greener extraction alternatives for microalgae biomass, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with different biobased solvents were investigated, demonstrating that both techniques are useful alternatives for algal lipid extraction. Specifically, lipids were extracted by UAE and PLE at different temperatures and extraction times with sustainable solvents like 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) and its mixtures with ethanol and other alcohols. The best oil yields for both PLE and UAE of were achieved with the mixture of 2-MeTHF:ethanol (1:3), reaching yields of up to 16.

Advanced Extraction of Lipids with DHA from with Enzymatic Pre-Treatment Combined with Pressurized Liquids and Ultrasound Assisted Extractions.

Microalgal biomass is a sustainable and valuable source of lipids with omega-3 fatty acids. The efficient extraction of lipids from microalgae requires fast and alternative extraction methods, frequently combined with biomass pre-treatment by different procedures. In this work, Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was optimized and compared with traditional lipid extraction methods, Folch and Bligh and Dyer, and with a new Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) method for lipids from microalgae .

Enzymatic modification to produce health-promoting lipids from fish oil, algae and other new omega-3 sources: A review.

Lipases are a versatile class of enzymes that have aroused great interest in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to their ability to modify and synthesize new lipids for functional foods. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have shown important biological functions promoting human health, especially in the development and maintenance of brain function and vision. Lipases allow selective production of functional lipids enriched in omega-3 PUFAs and are unique enzymatic tools to improve the natural composition of lipids and provide specific bioactivities.

Synthesis of omega-3 ethyl esters from chia oil catalyzed by polyethylene glycol-modified lipases with improved stability.

Enzymatic synthesis of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) from chia (Salvia hispanica L.) oil has been performed with different modified derivatives and compared with commercial immobilized lipases to produce omega-3 rich FAEE. Therefore, the main objective was to synthesize omega-3 esters from chia oil catalysed by polyethylene glycol-modified lipases using a biocatalyst with higher stability than commercial derivatives.

Alternative oil extraction methods from Echium plantagineum L. seeds using advanced techniques and green solvents.

The edible oil processing industry involves large losses of organic solvent into the atmosphere and long extraction times. In this work, fast and environmentally friendly alternatives for the production of echium oil using green solvents are proposed. Advanced extraction techniques such as Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE), Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) were evaluated to efficiently extract omega-3 rich oil from Echium plantagineum seeds.

Ultrasonic Removal of Mucilage for Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Omega-3 Rich Oil from Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica L.).

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds contain an important amount of edible oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Fast and alternative extraction techniques based on polar solvents, such as ethanol or water, have become relevant for oil extraction in recent years.

Critical Role of Different Immobilized Biocatalysts of a Given Lipase in the Selective Ethanolysis of Sardine Oil.

Different immobilized derivatives of two lipases were tested as catalysts of the synthesis of ethyl esters of omega-3 fatty acids during the ethanolysis of sardine oil in solvent-free systems at 25 °C. Lipases from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) and Lecitase Ultra (a phospholipase with lipolytic activity) were studied. Lipases were adsorbed on hydrophobic Sepabeads C18 through the open active center and on an anion-exchanger Duolite with the active center exposed to the reaction medium.

Enzymatic synthesis of triacylglycerols of docosahexaenoic acid: Transesterification of its ethyl esters with glycerol.

The synthesis of docosahexaenoyl triacylglycerides at low temperature (e.g., 50°C) using biocatalysts of 6 commercial lipases adsorbed on hydrophobic supports was studied.

In vitro intestinal bioaccessibility of alkylglycerols versus triacylglycerols as vehicles of butyric acid.

Butyric acid has been the subject of much attention last years due to its bioactivity. However, the potential advantages of butyrate are limited by the problem to reach enough plasma concentrations; therefore, pro-drugs have been proposed as an alternative to natural butyrate. A comparative study on in vitro intestinal digestion of 2,3-dibutyroil-1-O-octadecyl glycerol (D-SCAKG) and tributyrin (TB), as potential pro-drugs of butyric acid, was performed.

Metabolomic approach with LC-QTOF to study the effect of a nutraceutical treatment on urine of diabetic rats.

The rat treated with streptozotocin has been proposed as the most appropriate model of systemic oxidative stress for studying antioxidant therapies. In that sense, rosemary extracts have long been recognized as having antioxidant properties, and folic acid may be able to improve endothelial progenitor cell function. A mixture containing both has been tested as a possible nutraceutical to improve health complications in diabetes.

Pressurized liquid extraction as an alternative process to obtain antiviral agents from the edible microalga Chlorella vulgaris.

The antiviral properties of pressurized liquid extracts (PLE) (acetone, ethanol, and water) obtained from the edible microalga Chlorella vulgaris were evaluated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). None of the extracts tested showed extracellular direct virucidal activity against the virus, although a pretreatment of Vero cells with 75 microg/mL of water and ethanol extracts before virus addition inhibited 70% of the virus infection. Moreover, water and ethanol extracts were able to significantly inhibit the in vitro virus replication, showing IC(50%) values of 61.

In vitro study of the effect of diesterified alkoxyglycerols with conjugated linoleic acid on adipocyte inflammatory mediators.

Background: Adipocytes contribute to inflammation and the innate immune response through expression of inflammatory mediators. High levels of these mediators have been related to chronic inflammation state and insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes type 2, among other disorders. 3-octadecylglycerol (batyl alcohol) has been described as an inflammatory agent, whereas Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) is considered effective against obesity.

Supercritical fluid extraction of oregano (Origanum vulgare) essentials oils: anti-inflammatory properties based on cytokine response on THP-1 macrophages.

Two fractions (S1 and S2) of an oregano (Origanum vulgare) extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction have been used to test anti-inflammatory effects on activated human THP-1 cells. The main compounds present in the supercritical extract fractions of oregano were trans-sabinene hydrate, thymol and carvacrol. Fractions toxicity was assessed using the mitochondrial-respiration-dependent 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) reduction method for several concentrations during 24 and 48 h of incubation.

Testing and enhancing the in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Rosmarinus officinalis extracts with a high level of antioxidant abietanes.

An antioxidant-enriched extract (RE) was obtained from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) by supercritical fluid extraction to be used as an ingredient to design functional foods. The optimized mixture (42 mg RE g(-1) sunflower oil) was submitted to in vitro digestion and absorption tests (using Caco2 cells) to investigate the effect of these processes on its DPPH scavenging activity and also whether its major abietanes (tricyclic diterpenes) might be bioaccessible and bioavailable. Results indicated that supplementation of the rosemary extract with sunflower oil and lecithin (37 mg g(-1)) enhanced abietanes micellation (almost 2-fold).

Design of natural food antioxidant ingredients through a chemometric approach.

In the present work, an environmentally friendly extraction process using subcritical conditions has been tested to obtain potential natural food ingredients from natural sources such as plants, fruits, spirulina, propolis, and tuber, with the scope of substituting synthetic antioxidants, which are subject to regulation restrictions and might be harmful for human health. A full characterization has been undertaken from the chemical and biochemical point of view to be able to understand their mechanism of action. Thus, an analytical method for profiling the compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity has been used, allowing the simultaneous determination of water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and chlorophylls in a single run.

Acute and repeated dose (28 days) oral safety studies of an alkoxyglycerol extract from shark liver oil in rats.

Shark liver oil has been used for over 50 years as both a therapeutic and preventive agent. The active ingredients in shark liver oil have been found to be a group of ether-linked glycerols known as alkoxyglycerols. Despite its popularity, there is little published toxicology data on alkoxyglycerols.

Supercritical fluid fractionation of fatty acid ethyl esters from butteroil.

Countercurrent supercritical fractionation of the fatty acid ethyl esters from butteroil has been investigated. The main objective of the present study was to obtain extracts rich in short- and medium-chain fatty acid ethyl esters. To that end, transesterification of the original butteroil was used to transform the triacylglycerols into the corresponding fatty acid ethyl esters.