Chitosan film enriched with an antioxidant agent, taurine, in fenestration defects.

A natural polysaccharide, chitosan (poly-N-acetyl glucosaminoglycan), which is a nontoxic and bioabsorbable polymer, has been shown to have hemostatic and antibacterial effects. An amino acid, taurine, is considered to be beneficial for regulating the inflammation process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effects of taurine and chitosan in the experimental defects at the vestibular bone of maxillary canine teeth in six dogs.

Chitosan films and hydrogels of chlorhexidine gluconate for oral mucosal delivery.

Topical delivery of antimicrobial agents is the most widely accepted approach aimed at prolonging active drug concentrations in the oral cavity. As most antifungals do not posses inherent ability to bind to the oral mucosa, this is best achieved through improved formulations. Chitosan, a partially deacetylated chitin, which is a biologically safe biopolymer, prolongs the adhesion time of oral gels and drug release from them.

Cibacron blue F3G-A-attached uniform and macroporous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) particles for specific albumin adsorption.

Cibacron blue F3G-A-carrying uniform macroporous particles were proposed as an alternative sorbent for specific albumin adsorption. These particles were produced by a multistep polymerization procedure. In the first step of production, the uniform polystyrene seed particles were prepared by a dispersion polymerization method.

Formulation and in vitro/in vivo investigation of carbamazepine controlled-release matrix tablets.

Carbamazepine controlled-release tablet formulations containing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as matrix material at different concentrations were developed and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The formulation containing 10% HPMC (HPMC-10) showed a controlled-release profile comparable to that of a commercially available, controlled-release carbamazepine preparation (Tegretol CR 200). The kinetics of controlled-release carbamazepine tablets was examined in eight healthy volunteers.

In vitro studies on enhancing effect of sodium glycocholate on transbuccal permeation of morphine hydrochloride.

During the perioperative period, gastric emptying rate and first-pass metabolism limit the use of peroral morphine. Buccal mucosa appears to be a potential site for delivery of morphine as it provides direct entry into the system circulation thereby avoiding the hepatic first-pass effect. However, the low permeability of the buccal epithelium results in a low flux of the drug.

Diffusion rates and transport pathways of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled model compounds through buccal epithelium.

The aim of this study was to characterize transport of FITC-labeled dextrans of different molecular weights as model compounds for peptides and proteins through buccal mucosa. The penetration of these dextrans through porcine buccal mucosa (a nonkeratinized epithelium, comparable to human buccal mucosa) was investigated by measuring transbuccal fluxes and by analyzing the distribution of the fluorescent probe in the epithelium, using confocal laser scanning microscopy for visualizing permeation pathways. The results revealed that passage of porcine buccal epithelium by hydrophilic compounds such as the FITC-dextrans is restricted to permeants with a molecular weight lower than 20 kDa.

Visualization of enhancing effects of bile salts on buccal penetration.

The enhancing effects of bile salts on buccal penetration was investigated in vitro using porcine buccal mucosa, correlating permeability changes with histological effects. The permeability of the buccal mucosa to the model compound fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was studied in the presence and absence of bile salts. Light microscopy, freeze-fracture electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used in order to investigate the interaction between the bile salts and the buccal epithelium.

Factors affecting the formulation of sustained release potassium chloride tablets.

In this study, influence of several formulation factors on the release kinetics of potassium chloride from directly compressed matrices are investigated. Formulations containing hydrophilic (methylcellulose, carbomer), plastic (polyvinyl chloride), and wax (glycerol palmitostearate) matrix materials at concentrations of 10, 15 and 20%, incorporated with potassium chloride as active ingredient and insoluble excipients were prepared and studied in vitro using the USP XXI/NF XVI rotating paddle method. Hardness had no markedly effect on the release characteristics of formulations except for wax matrix material formulation.

Formulation, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics of sustained-release potassium chloride tablets.

The release of potassium chloride incorporated into hydrogenated vegetable oil and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrix tablets was studied in vitro. The formulations containing 20% hydrogenated vegetable oil and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose showed a sustained-release profile comparable to that of a standard commercially available sustained-release preparation, containing 8 mEq potassium chloride embedded in a wax material. The formulated and standard sustained-release potassium chloride tablets were compared to a conventional enteric-coated potassium chloride tablet in 10 healthy subjects.