Overall distribution of substance P-containing nerves in the wall of the cerebral arteries of the guinea pig and its origins.

The overall distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPI) in the wall of the cerebral arteries and their origins were investigated in the guinea pig by using whole-mounts. Two types of SPI fibers were seen: one forming dense fiber bands and located among the periadventitial nerves, and the other forming a meshwork. The SPI fibers located in the periadventitial nerves often leave these nerves to form a meshwork of SPI fibers of varying density according to the diameter or location of the blood vessels.

Ontogeny of neurotensin-containing neuron system of the rat: immunohistochemical analysis--II. Lower brain stem.

The ontogeny of the neurotensin neuron system in the lower brain stem of the rat was investigated by means of indirect immunofluorescent method. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity-containing cells first appear in the primordium of the n. tractus solitarii, n.

Multiple innervation by substance P-containing fibers in the parabrachial area of the rat.

The present study demonstrates that a large number of substance P (SP) fibers in the parabrachial area (PB) of the rat originate from at least three sources. The majority of SP fibers in the lateral surface of the lateral parabrachial area (PBLI) and medical parabrachial area originate from SP neurons located caudal to the PB. Some of the SP fibers in the PBLI originate from SP neurons located rostral to the PB.

Origins of substance P-containing fibers in the lateral septal area of young rats: immunohistochemical analysis of experimental manipulations.

The majority of substance P-like immunoreactive (SPLI) fibers in the lateral septal area (LS) are supplied by SPLI cells in the area (BAL) between the anterior hypothalamic nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus, and by those in the nucleus latero-dorsalis tegmenti (TLD). These conclusions are based on following: (1) Unilateral destruction of the BAL resulted in an ipsilateral decrease in the septal SPLI fibers similar to that seen after the destruction of the TLD, and (2) simultaneous destruction of the BAL and TLD caused a marked reduction of SPLI fibers in the LS on the operated side. The possibility that the destruction of the BAL affected the ascending SPLI system from the TLD seems to be excluded, because (1) the destruction of the TLD resulted in a decrease in SPLI fibers in the ipsilateral medial forebrain bundle (MFB), but failed to reduce the number of SPLI fibers in the BAL, and (2) the destruction of the BAL caused a decrease in SPLI fibers in the perifornical area rostral to the lesion, but failed to reduce the number of SPLI fibers in the MFB.

Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the lower brainstem of the human fetus: an immunohistochemical study.

The regional distribution of substance P-like immunoreactive (SPI) structures in the lower brainstem of the human fetus was investigated using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. SPI cells were found in a number of areas including the inferior colliculus, central gray matter of the midbrain, n. laterodorsalis tegmenti, midbrain and medullary reticular formation, n.

Ontogeny of the neurotensin-containing neuron system of the rat: immunohistochemical analysis. I. Forebrain and diencephalon.

The ontogeny of the neurotensin (NT) neuron system in the forebrain and diencephalon of the rat was investigated by means of indirect immunofluorescence. NT-positive structures first appear in the primordium of the olfactory bulb, anterior amygdaloid area, piriform cortex, amygdaloid complex, nucleus tractus diagonalis, lateral preoptic area, and lateral hypothalamus, etc., of the fetus of gestational day 16.

Ontogeny of the peptidergic system in the rat spinal cord: immunohistochemical analysis.

The ontogeny of neuropeptides, such as somatostatin (SRIF), substance P (SP), leucine-enkephalin (LE), and neurotensin (NT) in the spinal cord (including the spinal ganglion) of the rat, was examined by means of the indirect immunofluorescence method. SRIF and SP appear in the early fetal period before the establishment of the spinal synaptic transmission system, and their appearance precedes that of LE and NT, thus suggesting that SRIF and SP might have some important role in the development of the spinal cord. Furthermore, a number of SRIF-positive structures are found during the fetal period in the spinal cord; however, SRIF-positive fibers in the ventral horn, lamina V, VI, and X tend to decrease remarkably in number after birth, while those found in the dorsal horn maintain their immunoreactivity even in the adult rats.

Two types of substance P-containing cells and their uneven distribution in the chicken retina: an immunohistochemical analysis with flat-mounts.

Substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPI) was investigated in the chicken retina by means of the indirect immunofluorescence method with flat-mounts. SPI cells were located mostly in the peripheral retinal regions, while in the central region, none or only a few cells were seen. Based upon their 3-dimensional profiles, SPI cells can be divided into two types: one type belongs to the stratified amacrine cells of the first sublayer and the other to those of the third to fifth sublayer.

Evidence for the existence of an enkephalin-containing pathway from the area just ventrolateral to the anterior hypothalamic nucleus to the lateral septal area of the rat.

The afferent source of enkephalin-like immunoreactive (ELI) fibers in the lateral septal area of the rat was elucidated experimentally by means of an indirect immunofluorescence technique. These ELI fibers had almost completely disappeared on the operated side after the destruction of the area just ventrolateral to the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, where a number of ELI cells was detected. This fact strongly suggests that these ELI cells project ipsilaterally to the lateral septal area.

A case report of congenital hypomyelination.

A 3 year, 11 month-old Japanese male with congenital hypomyelination is described. Clinical features are delay of motor development, generalized muscle hypotonia and weakness, absent tendon reflexes due to peripheral neuropathy, and normal mental development. Electrophysiologically, nerve conduction velocities could not be measured.

Overall distribution of glucagon-like immunoreactivity in the chicken retina: an immunohistochemical study with flat-mounts.

Pancreatic glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) in the chicken retina was investigated by immunohistochemical methods with frozen sections and flat-mounts. Observations of the frozen sections showed that GLI is localized in the amacrine cells. Flat-mounts showed the GLI cells are evenly localized in the retina (n= or approximately 400/mm2) and composed to two types of cells--one is larger and the other is small.

Ontogeny of substance P-containing neuron system of the rat: immunohistochemical analysis--II. Lower brain stem.

Ontogeny of the substance P neuron system in the lower brain stem of the rat was investigated by means of the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Substance P-positive structures (cells and fibers) first appeared in the primordium of the ventral part of the nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini (nVs), in the reticular formation between nucleus reticularis lateralis and nVs, and in the reticular formation between nVs and nucleus originis nervi facialis, respectively, at gestational day 14. After that time, substance P-positive structures made their appearance gradually in various areas of the lower brain stem.

Pathways and terminal fields of the cochlearofugal somatostatin tracts of very young rats.

The cochlearofugal somatostatin (SRIF) neuron system of very young rats (between newborn and 1 week old) was investigated by means of the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons. Cochlear nuclei (both dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei) of this stage contain numerous SRIF-positive cells which are scarcely found in adult rats. Based upon the experimental findings obtained by this study, the majority of SRIF-positive fibers originating from these nuclei reach the contralateral inferior colliculus via well-established cochlearo-inferior collicular tracts such as dorsal acoustic striae, intermediate acoustic striae and trapezoid body, respectively.

Ontogeny of somatostatin-containing neuron system of the rat cerebellum including its fiber connections: an experimental and immunohistochemical analysis.

Ontogeny of somatostatin (SRIF) neuron system of the rat cerebellum was investigated by means of the indirect immunofluorescent method. In addition, several operations were performed to provide the evidence of understanding the cerebellar SRIF innervation. SRIF-positive structures appeared in the primordium of the cerebellum of the fetus at gestational day 16 (14-15 mm embryos).

Ontogeny of the leucine-enkephalin neuron system of the rat: immunohistochemical analysis. I. Lower brainstem.

Ontogeny of the leucine-enkephalin (L-Enk) neuron system in the lower brainstem of the rat was investigated by means of indirect immunofluorescence. L-Enk-containing cells first appear in the primordium of the medullary reticular formation just medial to the n. tractus spinalis nerve trigemini at the level of the the rostral half of the inferior olivary nucleus, in the n.

Experimental and immunohistochemical studies on the cerebellar substance P of the rat: localization, postnatal ontogeny and ways of entry to the cerebellum.

With the indirect immunofluorescence technique, the localization (including the postnatal ontogeny) of substance P in the cerebellum, and the ways of entry of substance P-containing fibers into the cerebellum were explored. In the newborn rat cerebellum, dense fiber bands of axons with substance P-like immunoreactivity which can be traced to the lower brain stem are found. These fibers are also traceable to the developing granular cell layer.

Localization of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the anterior eye segment of squirrels: an immunohistochemical analysis.

Localization of substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity in the anterior eye segment of the squirrel was examined immunohistochemically. The present study demonstrates a dense network of SP-positive fibers in the ciliary body, particularly in the muscle layers, and several SP-positive fibers in the iris, in addition to scattered SP-positive fibers in the cornea. These facts strongly suggest that SP has an important role in the physiologic functions of the anterior eye segment.

Ontogeny of somatostatin-containing neuron system of the rat: immunohistochemical analysis. II. Forebrain and diencephalon.

The ontogeny of the somatostatin (SRIF) neuron system in the forebrain and diencephalon the rat was investigated by means of the indirect immunofluorescence method. SRIF-positive cells first appear in the primordium of the hypothalamus surrounding the fasciculus mammillothalamicus of the fetus at gestational day 14 (10-12-mm embryo). At gestational days 16-17 (14-17-mm embryo, SRIF-positive cells appear in the developing piriform cortex and entopeduncular nucleus.

Localization of LH-RH immunoreactivity in the avian retina.

The present study demonstrated numerous LH-RH--positive structures in the paddy-bird (padda orizivora) retina. LH-RH-positive cells were seen in the ganglion cell layer (GL), inner plexiform layer (IPL) and inner nuclear layer (INL). Judging from the morphological features, the former two types of cells may belong to the displaced amacrine cells and the latter to the amacrine cells.

Ontogeny of substance P-containing neuron system of the rat: immunohistochemical analysis--I. Forebrain and upper brain stem.

The ontogeny of substance P-containing neuron system in the forebrain and upper brain stem of the rat was investigated by means of the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Substance P-positive structures first appeared in the primordium of the epithalamus and the area which surrounded the commissura posterior of the rat fetus corresponding to gestational day 14 (10-12 mm embryos). On and after gestational day 14, substance P-positive structures gradually made their appearance in various areas of the forebrain and upper brain stem.

Phylogenetical development of somatostatin-containing cells in the retina from teleosts to mammals: immunohistochemical analysis.

The distribution of somatostatin (SRIF) in the retina of various vertebrates (from teleosts to mammals) was investigated by means of indirect immunohistochemical technique. The present study revealed that there exists marked differences in topography of SRIF-containing cell systems between higher vertebrates (birds and rats) and lower vertebrates (amphibian and teleosts). The retinas of the higher vertebrates contain abundant SRIF-positive structures, while those of the lower vertebrates contain a few.

Regional distribution of somatostatin-containing neuron system in the lower brain stem of the neonatal rat.

With the indirect immunofluorescence technique, overall distribution of somatostatin (SRIF) neuron system in the lower brain stem of the neonatal rats were examined. The present study demonstrated numerous SRIF-positive structures in various lower brain stem areas which are hardly seen in the adult lower brain stem. A possible role of SRIF in the lower brain stem was briefly discussed.