Cancer incidence in Canada: trends and projections (1983-2032).

Each year, the Canadian Cancer Statistics publication provides an estimate of expected case counts and rates for common cancer sites for the current year in Canada as a whole and in the provinces and territories. This monograph expands on the Canadian Cancer Statistics publication by providing historical and projected cancer incidence frequencies and rates at national and regional levels from 1983 to 2032. The aim is that this monograph will be an important resource for health researchers and planners.

Trends in incidence, mortality, and survival for kidney cancer in Canada, 1986-2007.

Purpose: Kidney cancer is one of the fastest rising cancers worldwide. We aimed to examine the trends in incidence, mortality, and survival for this cancer in Canada.

Methods: Incidence data for kidney cancer for 1986-2010 were from the Canadian Cancer Registry and the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System.

Cancer in Canada fact sheet series #1 - thyroid cancer in Canada.

The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing more rapidly than that of any other cancer in Canada, while mortality has remained low and stable. In the last 10 years the number of thyroid cancer cases has increased 144% from 1709 to 4172 cases per year. Thyroid cancer is three times more common in females than males.

Cancer incidence, mortality and survival trends in Canada, 1970-2007.

Introduction: Monitoring cancer trends can help evaluate progress in cancer control while reinforcing prevention activities. This analysis examines long-term trends for selected cancers in Canada using data from national databases.

Methods: Annual changes in trends for age-standardized incidence and mortality rates between 1970 and 2007 were examined by sex for 1) all cancers combined, 2) the four most common cancers (prostate, breast, lung, colorectal) and 3) cancers that demonstrate the most recent notable changes in trend.

Canadian trends in liver cancer: a brief clinical and epidemiologic overview.

Although primary liver cancer is rare, its incidence rate has been rising quickly in Canada, more than tripling since the early 1980s. This cancer is more common in men than women, and the age-specific incidence rates in men have been increasing significantly in all age groups from 40 years of age onward. The death rate has followed a similar upward trajectory, in part because of the low 5-year survival rate of 18% in both sexes.

Esophageal cancer in Canada: trends according to morphology and anatomical location.

Background: Esophageal adenocarcinoma has one of the fastest rising incidence rates and one of the lowest survival rates of any cancer type in the Western world. However, in many countries, trends in esophageal cancer differ according to tumour morphology and anatomical location. In Canada, incidence and survival trends for esophageal cancer subtypes are poorly known.

Short-term cancer mortality projections: a comparative study of prediction methods.

This paper provides a systematic comparison of cancer mortality and incidence projection methods used at major national health agencies. These methods include Poisson regression using an age-period-cohort model as well as a simple log-linear trend, a joinpoint technique, which accounts for sharp changes, autoregressive time series and state-space models. We assess and compare the reliability of these projection methods by using Canadian cancer mortality data for 12 cancer sites at both the national and regional levels.

Cancer and the environment: Ten topics in environmental cancer epidemiology in Canada.

This Chronic Diseases in Canada supplement is a compilation of literature reviews by scientific experts. It was initiated as follow-up to the Green Plan, the federal government's environmental agenda in the 1990s. In recognizing that Canadians are concerned about the environment and its relationship to their health, this document attempts to address some of these concerns in relation to cancer by reviewing and summarizing the epidemiological literature for ten environmental exposures, and highlighting future research needs.

Mortality and cancer incidence in a nickel cohort.

Background: Previous studies of nickel workers have primarily noted significant early increases in lung and nasal cancers and for various types of accidents.

Aims: To examine cancer incidence and mortality, concurrently, for a cohort of male nickel workers at a major nickel and copper producer in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

Methods: From January 1964 to December 2001, nominal roll and work history information were linked to Ontario health data and mortality and cancer incidence were compared to the Ontario population.

Health outcomes of low-dose ionizing radiation exposure among medical workers: a cohort study of the Canadian national dose registry of radiation workers.

Background: Medical workers can be exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation from various sources. The potential cancer risks associated with ionizing radiation exposure have been derived from cohort studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors who had experienced acute, high-level exposure. Since such extrapolations are subject to uncertainty, direct information is needed on the risk associated with chronic low-dose occupational exposure to ionizing radiation.

Adolescent injury deaths and hospitalization in Canada: magnitude and temporal trends (1979-2003).

Purpose: To understand the magnitude and the national trends of mortality and hospitalization due to injuries among Canadian adolescents aged 15-19 years in 1979-2003.

Methods: Data on injury deaths and hospitalizations were obtained from the national Vital Statistical System and the Hospital Morbidity Database. Injuries were classified by intent and by mechanism.

Trends in childhood injury mortality in Canada, 1979-2002.

Objective: To examine national trends in mortality rates for injuries among Canadian children younger than 15 years in 1979-2002.

Methods: Data on injury deaths were obtained from the Canadian Vital Statistics system at Statistics Canada. Injuries were classified using the codes for external cause of injury and poisoning (E-codes) by intent and by mechanism.

Survival patterns for the top four cancers in Canada: the effects of age, region and period.

This study examined the variations in survival rates (1989-1991) and the trends (1969-1991), by sex, age and province, for patients diagnosed with breast, colorectal, lung or prostate cancer in Canada and compared the Canadian rates with those of nine American SEER registries. Five-year age-standardized relative survival rates (ASRs) were calculated, and the trends were estimated from variance-weighted linear regression of the ASRs for five periods of diagnosis (1969-1973, 1974-1978, 1979-1983, 1984-1988 and 1989-1991). In 1989-1991, the ASR varied among provinces for each cancer except female colorectal cancer.

Decreases in occupational exposure to ionizing radiation among Canadian dental workers.

Objective: To describe doses of ionizing radiation and their possible associations with mortality rates and cancer incidence among Canadian dental workers.

Methods: The National Dose Registry (NDR) of Canada was used to assess occupational dose of ionizing radiation received by dental workers. The NDR cohort includes 42,175 people classified as dental workers.

Occupational exposure to chemical and petrochemical industries and bladder cancer risk in four western Canadian provinces.

Occupational factors have been proposed to play a critical role in bladder cancer. This population-based case-control study was conducted to confirm the association between selected occupational and non-occupational risk factors and risk of bladder cancer using data collected from the four western Canadian provinces. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were based on 549 histologically confirmed bladder cancer cases and 1099 controls.

Epidemiological study of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease death certificates in Canada, 1979-2001.

Introduction: A descriptive epidemiological analysis to update trends of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) deaths, from 1979-2001, was undertaken.

Methods: Cases with CJD as underlying cause were extracted. Age-adjusted death rates by age, sex, and province were calculated.

Survival of women with breast cancer in Ottawa, Canada: variation with age, stage, histology, grade and treatment.

This study examined the 5-year survival of 2192 breast cancer women diagnosed between 1994 and 1997 in Ottawa, Canada, by age, TNM stage, histology, grade and treatment, including assessment of the independent value of variables in defining prognosis. Our results showed that age, stage, treatment and grade significantly influenced outcome regardless of the confounding factors considered, with histology failing to achieve significant independent prognostic information. The survival rates were highest at ages 50-69 years for stage I and at ages 40-49 years for stages II-IV.

Histology-related variation in the treatment and survival of patients with lung carcinoma in Canada.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine histologic differences in lung cancer treatment and survival, and to define recent survival trends in Ottawa, Canada.

Methods: From 1994 to 2000, 3,237 patients with invasive lung cancer were registered at the Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre (ORCC) and were followed up to 31 December 2001. Five-year relative survival rates (RSRs) and relative excess risks (RERs) of dying were calculated by stage and dominant initial treatment modalities for major cellular histologies using a relative survival model.

Increasing incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Canada, 1970-1996: age-period-cohort analysis.

Previous studies have shown that the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has increased in many parts of the world in recent decades. Using data obtained from the Canadian Cancer Registry, the present study examined time trends in NHL incidence in Canada between 1970 and 1996 and the effects of age, period of diagnosis and birth cohort on incidence patterns for each sex separately. Results showed that overall age-adjusted incidence rates increased substantially, from 7.

An epidemiologic study of hepatocellular carcinoma in Canada.

Background And Methods: To provide information on poorly described Canadian hepatocellular cancer epidemiology, we analyzed incident cases abstracted from the Canadian Cancer Registration Database (1969-1997) and Canadian annual death data (1969-1998). Age, sex, geographic distribution, and secular trends were described. Projection models were developed for the next decade.

Trends in mortality and graft failure for renal transplant patients.

Background: Several important advances in general medical management both before and after renal transplantation have occurred over the last 5-15 years, however, few studies have formally examined trends in the outcomes of renal transplantation. We, therefore, aimed to determine the degree to which these advances have resulted in improved outcomes such as survival of patient and graft.

Methods: We analyzed the rates of death and graft failure among the 11,482 Canadians with end-stage renal disease who received a kidney transplant in 1981-98.

Active and passive smoking and the risk of stomach cancer, by subsite, in Canada.

This study assessed the influence of active and passive smoking on the risk of stomach cancer by subsite. Mailed questionnaires were used to obtain information on 1171 newly diagnosed histologically confirmed stomach cancer cases and 2207 population controls between 1994 and 1997 in eight Canadian provinces. Data were collected on socio-economic status, lifestyle and passive smoking status.

Increasing thyroid cancer incidence in Canada, 1970-1996: time trends and age-period-cohort effects.

We examined time trends in thyroid cancer incidence in Canada by age, time period and birth cohort between 1970 and 1996. Age-specific incidence rates by time period and birth cohort were calculated and age-period-cohort modelling used to estimate effects underlying the observed trends. Overall age-adjusted incidence rates of thyroid cancer doubled, from 3.