Enhanced Outcrossing, Directional Selection and Transgressive Segregation Drive Evolution of Novel Phenotypes in Hybrid Swarms of the Dutch Elm Disease Pathogen .

In the 1970s, clones of the two subspecies of , subsp. (SSAM) and subsp. (SSNU) began to overlap in Europe, resulting in hybrid swarms.

Pyrosequencing of environmental soil samples reveals biodiversity of the Phytophthora resident community in chestnut forests.

Pyrosequencing analysis was performed on soils from Italian chestnut groves to evaluate the diversity of the resident Phytophthora community. Sequences analysed with a custom database discriminated 15 pathogenic Phytophthoras including species common to chestnut soils, while a total of nine species were detected with baiting. The two sites studied differed in Phytophthora diversity and the presence of specific taxa responded to specific ecological traits of the sites.

Four phenotypically and phylogenetically distinct lineages in Phytophthora lateralis.

Until recently Phytophthora lateralis was known only as the cause of dieback and mortality of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana in its native range in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Since the 1990s however disease outbreaks have occurred increasingly on ornamental C. lawsoniana in Europe; and in 2007 the pathogen was discovered in soil around old growth Chamaecyparis obtusa in Taiwan, where it may be endemic.

Discovery of a fourth evolutionary lineage of Phytophthora ramorum: EU2.

Phytophthora ramorum is a recently introduced, aggressive Phytophthora species that has caused extensive mortality of oak and tanoak trees in the western USA and Japanese larch trees in the UK. P. ramorum is also present on Rhododendron, Camellia, and Viburnum in the nursery industry, which is thought to have been the pathway for its spread into new geographic regions including forests and natural ecosystems.