Combined Tillaux and Bimalleolar Ankle Fracture in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report.

Adolescents are at risk of unique ankle fracture patterns due to closing physes. Transitional ankle fractures, in particular, are an entity specific to adolescent patients due to the asymmetrically open distal tibia physis. Transitional ankle fractures are rarely seen in combination with bimalleolar ankle fracture patterns.

Pelvic Avulsion Injuries in the Adolescent Athlete.

Pelvic avulsion fractures are common in youth athletes; many of these injuries can be treated conservatively. This article reviews the etiology, presentation, and management of the more common pelvic avulsion fractures, including anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, ischial tuberosity, and iliac crest avulsions. Adolescent pelvic avulsion fractures rely on the amount of fracture displacement to guide treatment.

Reliability of measurements of clavicle shaft fracture shortening in adolescents.

Background: A relative indication for surgical treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures is shortening ≥2.0 cm. A standard method for determining shortening with routine clavicle radiographs has not been established.

Ossifying lipoma of c1-c2 in an adolescent.

Background: Ossifying lipomas, characterized by their independence of bony connection to the skeleton, are extremely rare benign neoplasms. They have primarily been described in adults older than 50 years of age and occur in the head and neck region. The etiology is unknown.

How accurately do novice surgeons place thoracic pedicle screws with the free hand technique?

Study Design: Cadaver study.

Objective: To evaluate with direct observation the errors made when novice resident surgeons place thoracic pedicle screws. To determine how many specimens need to be instrumented to assure an improvement in accuracy to currently published levels.

Role of PTEN and Akt in the regulation of growth and apoptosis in human osteoblastic cells.

Cancer cells are characterized by either an increased ability to proliferate or a diminished capacity to undergo programmed cell death. PTEN is instrumental in regulating the balance between growth and death in several cell types and has been described as a tumor suppressor. The chromosome arm on which PTEN is located is deleted in a subset of human osteosarcoma tumors.