Evaluation of endoscopic ureteral stone treatments in the period of decreasing severity of COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: During the COVID-19 pandemic, people's admissions to the hospital for their current illness were delayed. We aimed to reveal how this situation has affected the endoscopic treatment of ureteral stones.

Patients And Methods: Patients who were treated for 59 endoscopic ureteral stones in the pre-pandemic period between September 2019 and December 2019, and patients who were treated for 60 endoscopic ureteral stones between January 2022 and April 2022, when the effectiveness of the COVID-19 pandemic decreased, were evaluated in two groups.

Algorithmic quantum heat engines.

We suggest alternative quantum Otto engines, using heat bath algorithmic cooling with a partner pairing algorithm instead of isochoric cooling and using quantum swap operations instead of quantum adiabatic processes. Liquid state nuclear magnetic resonance systems in a single entropy sink are treated as working fluids. The extractable work and thermal efficiency are analyzed in detail for four-stroke and two-stroke types of alternative quantum Otto engines.