Expression Patterns of Escape Genes in Turner Syndrome Fibroblasts and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Turner syndrome (TS) is an X monosomy-related disorder caused by X chromosome nondisjunction during embryonic development. Patients with TS have only one intact X chromosome, with the other either completely or partially lost. TS affects various tissues, including the liver, kidneys, brain, cardiovascular system, and ovaries.

Reprogramming of Extraembryonic Trophoblast Stem Cells into Embryonic Pluripotent State by Fusion with Embryonic Stem Cells.

Pluripotential reprogramming has been examined using various technologies, including nuclear transfer, cell fusion, and direct reprogramming. Many studies have used differentiated cells for reprogramming experiments, and nearly all type of somatic cells can acquire pluripotency. However, within the embryo, other cells types are present in addition to somatic cells.