Identification of transport systems involved in eflornithine delivery across the blood-brain barrier.

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected parasitic disease that continues to persist in sub-Saharan Africa. It is fatal if untreated. The first stage of the disease is associated with the presence of the parasite in the periphery and the second stage with the presence of the parasites in the CNS.

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinase Inhibitor Ameliorates β-Amyloid Oligomer-Induced Alzheimer Disease in Swiss Albino Mice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurodegenerative disorders, and its incidence increases globally every year. Currently, available AD drugs symptomatically treat AD with multiple adverse effects. Gefitinib (GE) is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitor.

Drug reformulation for a neglected disease. The NANOHAT project to develop a safer more effective sleeping sickness drug.

Background: Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or sleeping sickness) is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei sspp. The disease has two stages, a haemolymphatic stage after the bite of an infected tsetse fly, followed by a central nervous system stage where the parasite penetrates the brain, causing death if untreated. Treatment is stage-specific, due to the blood-brain barrier, with less toxic drugs such as pentamidine used to treat stage 1.

Region-specific blood-brain barrier transporter changes leads to increased sensitivity to amisulpride in Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Research into amisulpride use in Alzheimer's disease (AD) implicates blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in antipsychotic sensitivity. Research into BBB transporters has been mainly directed towards the ABC superfamily, however, solute carrier (SLC) function in AD has not been widely studied. This study tests the hypothesis that transporters for organic cations contribute to the BBB delivery of the antipsychotics (amisulpride and haloperidol) and is disrupted in AD.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Various Topical Fluorides on Enamel Demineralization Adjacent to Orthodontic Brackets: An Study.

Aim: White spot lesions (WSLs) occur frequently after fixed orthodontic treatment. This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of 2.26% fluoride varnish, 1.

In vivo mimicking model for solid tumor towards hydromechanics of tissue deformation and creation of necrosis.

The present work addresses transvascular and interstitial fluid transport inside a solid tumor surrounded by normal tissue (close to an in vivo mimicking setup). In general, biological tissues behave like a soft porous material and show mechanical behavior towards the fluid motion through the interstitial space. In general, forces like viscous drag that are associated with the fluid flow may compress the tissue material.

Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) is involved in pentamidine transport at the human and mouse blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Pentamidine is an effective trypanocidal drug used against stage 1 Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). At the blood-brain barrier (BBB), it accumulates inside the endothelial cells but has limited entry into the brain. This study examined transporters involved in pentamidine transport at the human and mouse BBB using hCMEC/D3 and bEnd.

Multiple Pigmented Seborrheic Keratosis with Sebaceous Differentiation - A Case Report.

Seborrheic keratosis is a benign lesion that is common in the trunk and head and neck regions. It shows a considerable variety of histological appearances leading to different variants. The presence of sebaceous differentiation in seborrheic keratosis is very rare and can histologically mimic benign and malignant tumors with sebaceous differentiation.

Hydrodynamics and convection enhanced macromolecular fluid transport in soft biological tissues: Application to solid tumor.

This work addresses a theoretical framework for transvascular exchange and extravascular transport of solute macromolecules through soft interstitial space inside a solid tumor. Most of the soft biological tissues show materialistic properties similar to deformable porous material. They exhibit mechanical behavior towards the fluid motion since the solid phase of the tumor tissue gets compressed by the drag force that is associated with the extracellular fluid flow.

Risk factors for endophthalmitis following cataract surgery-our experience at a tertiary eye care centre in India.

Aim: To determine the risk factors for acute endophthalmitis after cataract extraction in a tertiary care centre in India.

Methods: We performed a nested case control study within a retrospective cohort. The surgical records of all patients with clinically diagnosed endophthalmitis within one month after cataract surgery, performed between January 2006 and December 2009, were reviewed.

Recurrent Diffuse Neurofibroma of Nose Associated with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: A Rare Case Report with Review of Literature.

Diffuse neurofibroma is an unusual variant of neurofibroma with the head and neck being the common sites of involvement. It is benign in nature and spreads superficially and has many ectatic blood vessels. Histologically it is similar to conventional neurofibromas except for a few peculiar distinguishing features.

A study of blood utilization in a tertiary care hospital in South India.

Background: Monitoring blood utilization helps in effective management of blood stock to meet present and future demands in a hospital. Hence, we analyzed the age, gender and frequency distribution of each blood product used in different diseases conditions.

Materials And Methods: We included all blood products utilized from January 2008 to December 2012 in our tertiary care hospital in South India.

Outcomes of Ahmed valve implant following a failed initial trabeculotomy and trabeculectomy in refractory primary congenital glaucoma.

Purpose: The aim was to report the outcome of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) (New World Medical, Inc., Rancho Cucamonga, CA, USA) implantation as a surgical intervention following an initial failed combined trabeculotomy + trabeculectomy (trab + trab) in refractory primary congenital glaucoma (RPCG).

Materials And Methods: Retrospective chart review of 11 eyes of 8 patients who underwent implantation of AGV (model FP8) for RPCG between 2009 and 2011.

Delivery of antihuman African trypanosomiasis drugs across the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers.

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or sleeping sickness) is a potentially fatal disease caused by the parasite, Trypanosoma brucei sp. The parasites are transmitted by the bite of insect vectors belonging to the genus Glossina (tsetse flies) and display a life cycle strategy that is equally spread between human and insect hosts. T.

Variation in optic nerve and macular structure with age and race with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of age and race on optic disc, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and macular measurements with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT).

Design: Cross-sectional observational study.

Participants: Three hundred fifty adult subjects without ocular disease.

Is palatal injection mandatory prior to extraction of permanent maxillary tooth: a preliminary study.

Introduction: Even after the invention of the modern injection techniques, palatal injection still remains a painful experience for patients, and this pain is attributed to the presence of rich nerve complement and displacement of palatal mucosa during anesthesia.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to demonstrate if lidocaine HCl could provide palatal anesthesia if given buccally during maxillary tooth removal without the need for a palatal injection.

Materials And Methods: The study group consisted of 75 patients, and 25 were controls.

Duplex-immunocapture-RT-PCR for detection and discrimination of two distinct potyviruses naturally infecting sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid).

A sensitive duplex-immunocapture-RT-PCR (D-IC-RT-PCR) technique was developed for detection and discrimination of taxonomically distinct Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV) and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) that naturally infect sugarcane. D-IC-RT-PCR was performed using polyclonal antisera for capture of virions. Oligo 5'-d(T)18(AGC)-3' as a common reverse primer for both viruses and virus specific forward primers, 5'-AAGTGGTTAAACGCCTGTGG-3' and 5'-ATGTC(GA)AAGAA(GA)ATGCGCTTGC-3' were used for amplifying approximately 1400 and approximately 900 bp fragments of SCSMV and SCMV genomes, respectively from their 3' termini.

A rare case of sarcoid-like reaction of lymph nodes associated with squamous cell carcinoma of alveolar mucosa.

Non-necrotizing granulomas are occasionally seen in patients with certain malignant disorders and are termed as "sarcoid-like reaction," which have many similarities with sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by organ involvement and interference of organ function by granuloma or fibrosis. Sarcoidosis is occasionally found in a variety of malignant diseases with an overall incidence of 4.

Orbital cysticercosis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and outcome.

Purpose: To describe the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and outcome of orbital cysticercosis in a tertiary eye care center in Southern India.

Design: Retrospective observational case series.

Participants: A total of 171 patients with orbital cysticercosis.

Comparison of the diagnostic capability of the Heidelberg Retina Tomographs 2 and 3 for glaucoma in the Indian population.

Purpose: To compare the diagnostic capability of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) 2 and 3 (Heidelberg Engineering, GmBH, Dossenheim, Germany) for glaucoma in an Indian population.

Design: Evaluation of a diagnostic technology.

Participants: Ninety-eight glaucoma subjects and 79 normal controls.

Clinical measurement and categorization of optic disc in glaucoma patients.

Background: Assessment of optic disc size is an important component of optic nerve head examination. Agreement between different methods of disc size measurements is not very good.

Purpose: To assess the agreement between the disc size assessed by Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT) and stereobiomicroscopy with a 90 diopter (D) lens.