Draft Genome Sequence of the Symbiotically Competent Cyanobacterium sp. Strain KVJ20.

sp. strain KVJ20 was isolated from the symbiotic organs of the liverwort This cyanobacterium has been shown to have broad symbiotic competence, and bacterial extracts have inhibitory effects on cancer cell lines and microbes. An array of genes for the production of secondary metabolites is present.

Combined incubation of colon carcinoma cells with phorbol ester and mitochondrial uncoupling agents results in synergic elevated reactive oxygen species levels and increased γ-glutamyltransferase expression.

The NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a significant determinant for the expression and activity of γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), which is frequently upregulated after increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. Earlier studies on human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells have shown that treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) activates NOX thus increasing the intracellular level of ROS and upregulating GGT. Another important source of cellular ROS is the mitochondria, and treatment with the mitochondria uncoupler carbonylcyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenylhydrazone (FCCP) results in increased ROS levels.

Gamma-glutamyltransferase is upregulated after oxidative stress through the Ras signal transduction pathway in rat colon carcinoma cells.

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) plays a central role in the homeostasis of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). The expression of GGT has been shown to be upregulated after oxidative stress, but the signalling pathways implicated remain poorly characterized. The results here show that acute exposure of CC531 cells to oxidative stress resulted in activation of Ras and augmented GGT enzyme activity, both at the transcriptional and at the translation level.