The Role of German Academic Medicine and Science in the Medical Crimes of the Third Reich and the Shoah: The Continuing Legacy.

Despite the revelations of the Nuremberg Medical Trial and subsequent prosecutions, the reality is that, with particular respect to medicine and the role of leading academic and scientific institutions during the so-called "Third Reich," the postwar period war was marked by a "Great Silence." With few exceptions, this silence continued until the 1980's, when increasing systematic scholarly research and inadvertent discoveries revealed the significant role played by the German and Austrian medical profession during the Nazi period and the Shoah. The discoveries included body parts of victims of Nazi terror in the collections of university institutes of anatomy and scientific research.

Nerve Surgeons' Assessment of the Role of Eduard Pernkopf's Atlas of Topographic and Applied Human Anatomy in Surgical Practice.

(Reprinted with permission from NEUROSURGERY, Volume 84, Number 2, February 2019).

Dissecting the History of Anatomy in the Third Reich -: 1989-2010: A Personal Account.

(Reprinted with permission from Annals of Anatomy Vol. 194, No. 3, 2012).

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons' assessment of the role of Pernkopf's atlas in surgical practice.

Background: The use of the Pernkopf atlas of human anatomy in surgery presents ethical challenges due to the author's association with the Nazi regime and the potential depiction of victims of this regime. The atlas was of particular utility to two surgical specialties: nerve surgeons and oral and maxillofacial surgeons. The representation of peripheral nerves and complex head and neck anatomy is probably unequaled in any other atlas of anatomy.

Ethical considerations in the use of Pernkopf's Atlas of Anatomy: A surgical case study.

The use of Eduard Pernkopf's anatomic atlas presents ethical challenges for modern surgery concerning the use of data resulting from abusive scientific work. In the 1980s and 1990s, historic investigations revealed that Pernkopf was an active National Socialist (Nazi) functionary at the University of Vienna and that among the bodies depicted in the atlas were those of Nazi victims. Since then, discussions persist concerning the ethicality of the continued use of the atlas, because some surgeons still rely on information from this anatomic resource for procedural planning.

Nerve Surgeons' Assessment of the Role of Eduard Pernkopf's Atlas of Topographic and Applied Human Anatomy in Surgical Practice.

Background: Pernkopf's atlas of Anatomy contains anatomical plates with detailed images of the peripheral nerves. Its use is controversial due to the author's association with the "Third Reich" and the potential depiction of victims of the Holocaust. The ethical implications of using this atlas for informing surgical planning have not been assessed.

Posthumous Testimony for Dr. Leo Gross and his Family / Restoration of the 'Lost' Biography of a Physician Victim of the Holocaust.

At a time when the last direct witnesses of the Holocaust are passing, new approaches to the restoration of 'lost' biographies of victims need to be considered. This investigation describes the potential of an international collaboration including surviving family members. Archival documents discovered in Jerusalem in 1983 concerned a discussion on the cancellation of a medical licence for a German Jewish physician, Dr.

Dissecting the history of anatomy in the Third Reich--1989-2010: A personal account.

This paper is a personal narrative of involvement with the revelations of the use of anatomical and pathological specimens of victims of Nazi terror. The narrative documents responses to the question of the retention and use of anatomical and pathological specimens from victims of Nazi terror by leading academic and scientific institutions and organizations in Germany and Austria including the government of the Federal Republic of (West) Germany, the University of Tübingen, the University of Vienna, the Max Planck Society and the Anatomische Gesellschaft. It begins with the public revelations of 1989 and concludes with the September 2010 Symposium on the History of Anatomy during the Third Reich at the University of Würzburg.

Nuremberg lamentation: for the forgotten victims of medical science.

Fifty years after the Nuremberg medical trial there remain many unanswered questions about the role of the German medical profession during the Third Reich. Other than the question of human experimentation, important ethical challenges arising from medicine in Nazi Germany which have continuing relevance were not addressed at Nuremberg. The underlying moral question is that of the exercise of professional power and its impact on vulnerable people seeking medical care.

Whither Nuremberg?: medicine's continuing Nazi heritage.

The medical crimes of the Hitler regime are commonly perceived to have been committed by a few demonic physicians working in isolation from the mainstream of the German medicine. The success of this myth has imperiled the value system of medicine today. The World Medical Association (WMA), established to address the ethical challenges arising from the German tragedy, has itself been compromised by this legacy.

Rapid, on-site diagnosis of chlamydial urethritis in men by detection of antigens in urethral swabs and urine.

First-void urine (FVU) sediments of 240 men were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis antigens by two enzyme immunoassays, TestPack Chlamydia (15 min) and Chlamydiazyme (3.5 h), and the results were compared with urethral swab culture results. The sensitivity and specificity on FVU sediment for TestPack Chlamydia were 76.