Using heart rate variability to predict neurological outcomes in preterm infants: a scoping review.

Infants born preterm are at higher risk of neurological complications, including intraventricular haemorrhage and white matter injury. After discharge, these infants may experience adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes and exhibit lower educational attainment. Early detection of brain injury and accurate prediction of neurodevelopmental impairment would allow early intervention and support.

Association of newer definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with pulmonary hypertension and long-term outcomes.

Background: The definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has been evolved recently from definition by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 2001 (NICHD 2001) to the definition reported in 2018 (NICHD 2018) and that proposed by Jensen et al. in 2019 (NICHD 2019). The definition was developed based on the evolution of non-invasive respiratory support and to achieve better prediction of later outcomes.

Neurodevelopmental outcomes and volumetric analysis of brain in preterm infants with isolated cerebellar hemorrhage.

Background: Cerebellar hemorrhage (CBH) is a major form of cerebellar injury in preterm infants. We aimed to investigate the risk factors and neurodevelopmental outcomes of isolated CBH and performed volumetric analysis at term-equivalent age.

Methods: This single-centered nested case-control study included 26 preterm infants with isolated CBH and 52 infants without isolated CBH and any significant supratentorial injury.

Noninvasive Neurally Adjusted Ventilation in Postextubation Stabilization of Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Objective: To compare the effects of noninvasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NIV-NAVA) to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in achieving successful extubation in preterm infants.

Study Design: This prospective, single-center, randomized controlled trial enrolled preterm infants born at <30 weeks of gestation who received invasive ventilation. Participants were assigned at random to either NIV-NAVA or NCPAP after their first extubation from invasive ventilation.

Head Growth and Neurodevelopment of Preterm Infants with Surgical Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation.

Spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) and surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are intestinal conditions requiring surgical intervention in preterm infants. We aimed to compare the head growth and neurodevelopment of preterm infants with SIP and surgical NEC. A retrospective single-center study was performed in preterm infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation and who had undergone surgery for NEC or SIP.

Promising candidate cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of seizure disorder, infection, inflammation, tumor, and traumatic brain injury in pediatric patients.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a dynamic metabolically active body fluid that has many important roles and is commonly analyzed in pediatric patients, mainly to diagnose central nervous system infection and inflammation disorders. CSF components have been extensively evaluated as biomarkers of neurological disorders in adult patients. Circulating microRNAs in CSF are a promising class of biomarkers for various neurological diseases.

Antenatal magnesium sulfate and intestinal morbidities in preterm infants with extremely low gestational age.

Background: Antenatal magnesium sulfate is widely used as a tocolytic, for maternal seizures, and for seizure prophylaxis in preeclampsia. Recent studies have suggested that antenatal magnesium sulfate use is associated with favorable neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. However, there are concerns regarding the effects of antenatal magnesium sulfate on neonates, especially regarding gastrointestinal morbidities.

Extrauterine growth restriction in extremely preterm infants based on the Intergrowth-21st Project Preterm Postnatal Follow-up Study growth charts and the Fenton growth charts.

Growth charts are essential for monitoring the postnatal growth of preterm infants. The preterm postnatal follow-up study (PPFS) of the Intergrowth-21st Project provides new growth standards based on a longitudinal study. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of extrautrine growth restriction (EUGR) and the associated factors of EUGR in preterm infants, using the PPFS charts and the Fenton charts.

Cystic dysplasia of the kidneys in extremely preterm infants following acute kidney injury.

Background: Various perinatal morbidities may adversely affect postnatal nephrogenesis in preterm infants. Kidney ultrasonographic findings following acute kidney injury (AKI) have not been well described in preterm infants. Herein, we describe three cases of extremely preterm infants who showed abnormal kidney ultrasonographic findings resembling dysplasia of the kidneys following AKI.

Exosomal microRNA expression profiles of cerebrospinal fluid in febrile seizure patients.

Purpose: Febrile seizures (FS) are the most common seizures found in pediatric patients. Recently, microRNA (miRNA) have been used as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of various diseases. This study aims to explore the exosomal miRNA expression profile of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in atypical FS patients.

The Association of Pregnancy-induced Hypertension with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia - A Retrospective Study Based on the Korean Neonatal Network database.

The prevalence of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and preeclampsia (PE) are 5-10% and 2-4%, respectively. PIH might affect angiogenesis in preterm neonates, but its association with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains controversial. This study evaluated the association between PIH and BPD in very low-birth weight infants.

Early postnatal cardiac manifestations are associated with perinatal brain injury in preterm infants with twin to twin transfusion syndrome.

Altered hemodynamics associated with twin to twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) can be manifested in the fetal and neonatal heart. This study evaluated the association between cardiac manifestations immediately after birth and brain injury in preterm infants with TTTS. Medical records of preterm infants who were born at <35 weeks of gestation with TTTS and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at Seoul National University Children's Hospital between January 2011 and January 2018 were reviewed.

A Rare Case of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Associated With Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Trisomy 8 in a Pediatric Patient.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare disease resulting in clinical and biochemical manifestations of extreme inflammation. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) represents a heterogenous group of clonal hematopoietic disorders. The development of MDS is common in children with trisomy of chromosome 8.

Neuroprotective effects of mild hypoxia in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of mild hypoxia in the mature and immature brain.

Methods: We prepared organotypic slice cultures of the hippocampus and used hippocampal tissue cultures at 7 and 14 days in vitro (DIV) to represent the immature and mature brain, respectively. Tissue cultures were exposed to 10% oxygen for 60 minutes.