Abdominal emergencies in surgical oncology.

Introduction: In general, abdominal emergencies are urgent situations that require a prompt and correct diagnosis and treatment. They involve a broad spectrum of diagnoses and can occur in all age groups. The situation is often modified in oncologic patients according to the extent and level of progression of the primary oncological disease.

Cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the treatment of peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer in the Czech Republic in 2018.

Background: For highly selected patients with peritoneal metastases (PM) from colorectal cancer (CRC), an aggressive surgical approach with intraperitoneal chemotherapy may be beneficial. This management may prolong overall survival, which is well documented by the results of a number of clinical trials. In the Czech Republic, five specialized centers of surgical oncology are able to perform cytoreductive surgery (CRS) in combination with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC).

Tumor microRNAs Identified by Small RNA Sequencing as Potential Response Predictors in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients Treated With Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy.

Background/aim: Rectal cancer accounts for approximately one-third of all colorectal cancers. Currently, the standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) is neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with capecitabine or 5-fluorouracil followed by curative surgery. Unfortunately, only 20% of patients with LARC present complete pathological response after CRT, whereas in 20-40% cases the response is poor or absent.

Therapy and Prophylaxis of Peritoneal Metastases from Colorectal Cancer.

Stage IV colorectal cancer is associated with high mortality, and the prognosis is significantly worse for patients have peritoneal metastases. Peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer was considered incurable with an infaust prognosis. Median survival of untreated patients is about 6 months and palliative systemic chemotherapy can prolonge this time up to 20 months.

Role of the Microbiome in the Formation and Development of Colorectal Cancer.

Background: The clinical, histopathological, and molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer vary considerably. Factors associated with the heterogeneity of this disease and with understanding the effects of heterogeneity on disease progression and response to therapy are critical for the better stratification of patients and the development of new therapeutic methods. Although studies have focused mainly on tumor molecular profiling, current molecular predictive and prognostic factors are relevant to specific groups of colorectal cancer patients and are mostly used to predict the applicability of targeted biological agents rather than to predict their benefits.

Circulating Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Subsets in Patients with Colorectal Cancer - Exploratory Analysis of Their Biomarker Potential.

Background: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) contribute to tumor escape from host immune surveillance and to tumor progression by producing tumor-promoting factors. We focused on clinical and analytical MDSCs-related issues as potential biomarkers and immune regulators involved in tumor progression.

Patients And Methods: We analyzed 10 patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma (CRC) with (M1 subgroup) or without (M0 subgroup) distant metastases at diagnosis.

[Carney triad].

Carney triad is a synchronous or metachronous association of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), pulmonary chondroma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma. The majority of patients have only one or two components of the triad, all three tumors being found in only about 2% of the patients at the time of the first diagnosis. The most common combination is gastric and pulmonary tumors.

[Malignant tumors of the small bowel].

Introduction: Malignant tumors of the small bowel are relatively uncommon neoplasms; their incidence is around 1.5 per 100,000 inhabitants in the Czech Republic.

Method: 104 patients underwent a resection of the small bowel because of a primary or secondary tumor over the 10-year period between 20062015 at the Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute.

Focal necrosis mimicking breast cancer following coronary bypass grafting.

Background: Breast cancer can be diagnosed easily in most cases. However, occasionally, we are faced with some conditions that can mimic it. These may include inflammations, benign tumors, cysts, hematomas, or, more rarely, focal necrosis.

[Circulating Myeloid Suppressor Cells and Their Role in Tumour Immunology].

Background: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are heterogenic population of multipotent progenitors of myeloid lineage. For their immunosuppressive effect, MDSC are responsible for tumour escape from the host immune surveillance. Furthermore, MDSCs support tumour by promotion of angiogenesis and metastasis.

[Molecular Pathology of Colorectal Cancer, Microsatellite Instability - the Detection, the Relationship to the Pathophysiology and Prognosis].

Background: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is third most common cancer worldwide with very heterogenous character. In most cases, it is caused by sporadic events leading to disruption of epithelial cells of the colon. The minority evolves from germline mutations associated with hereditary cancer syndromes.

[Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) of the gastrointestinal tract].

Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) is a rare tumour of the gastrointestinal tract composed of adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma. This pathologic diagnosis was recently defined by the WHO in 2010. The tumour may appear in various levels of the digestive tract including the oesophagus, stomach, colon and appendix.

[Current status regarding surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer in the Czech Republic].

Introduction: The aim is to map the current situation in the surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer in the Czech Republic. This information has been obtained from surgical treatment providers using a simple questionnaire and by identifying the so called high volume centres. The information has been collected in the interest of organizing and planning research projects in the field of pancreatic cancer treatment.

[Von Meyenburg complexes - multiple biliary hamartomas mimicking metastatic liver lesions].

Von Meyenburg complexes are benign liver lesions usually consisting of dilated bile ducts surrounded by fibrous stroma. Their discovery is usually incidental and unsuspected during the early phase of the operative procedure. The sovereign diagnostic method is intraoperative frozen section examination.

[Treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors--a comprehensive view of the surgeon].

Introduction: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are specific mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Most of GISTs (95%) result from activating mutations in one of the receptor tyrosine kinase proteins (KIT). Tumor cells express this protein.

[Transanal endoscopic microsurgery and its significance in rectal surgery--a review].

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is a novel endoscopic method. Primarily, it has been developed to manage pathological middle rectum conditions. Over the time, indication criteria for this procedure have become wider and, due to technical progress, more extensive procedures on distal and middle rectum, as well as perirectal transanal procedures, could be performed.

[Pneumoscrotum: uncommon sign in duodenal perforation (a case review)].

Therapeutic endoscopy is mostly primary method in treatment of biliary tree obstruction with its various complications. A case review describing an oncological pacient examined for obstructive icterus, with recognised pneumoscrotum after endoscopic examination (ERCP). In discussion we try to point out the need of knowledge of clinical examination, clinical signs of duodenal lesions and optimal treatment measures.

[Renal cancer metastasis into common bile duct].

We present rare case of clear cell renal carcinoma metastasis into common bile duct. It is a 9th case listed on the MEDLINE data base from 1966 to 2010.71-year-old woman underwent right nefrectomy for renal cancer G1 in 1986.

[Use of local hemostyptic drugs in liver resections].

Introduction: Bleeding during and following liver resection continues to be an object of surgeon's attention and a potential source of significant morbidity. Topical hemostatic agents are used during surgical intervention when conventional methods are not sufficient because of the site of surgery or degree of bleeding. A variety of agents with different effects is now available.

Micro-RNAs miR125b and miR137 are frequently upregulated in response to capecitabine chemoradiotherapy of rectal cancer.

There is increasing evidence that some microRNAs change their levels in reaction to xenobiotic challenge. The aim of this study was to test the possible involvement of micro-RNAs in response to standard anticancer treatment. Tumor biopsies from 35 patients with rectal cancer before therapy and parallel tumor biopsies from 31 patients two weeks after starting preoperative capecitabine chemoradiotherapy were taken.

Use of radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of malignant liver lesions.

Background/aims: The authors present their experience with the option of using radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the treatment of malignant focal liver lesions.

Methodology: In a prospective study conducted in the period from 2002-2005, 60 patients were treated using RFA during a total of 72 sessions and treating 108 lesions of various size, number and localisation. The method of RFA was applied either percutaneously under computed tomography (CT) or ultrasonographic (USG) navigation (22 patients) or surgically--during opened laparotomy or laparoscopy (42 patients).

[A role of PET and CT examinations in the management of malignant disorders of the large intestine and rectum--a review].

Current treatment methods of solid malignant disorders, in particular, depend, more and more, on perfection of paraclinical examination methods. Clinical examination conclusions, supported by imaging findings, determine the treatment strategy. Radical surgical procedures still remain the only treatment modality resulting in a patient's recovery.

Preoperative radiotherapy and concomitant capecitabine treatment induce thymidylate synthase and thymidine phosphorylase mRNAs in rectal carcinoma.

This work is intended to study the effect of preoperative capecitabine and radiotherapy treatment on the levels of thymidylate synthase (TS), thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) mRNAs in rectal carcinoma. 55 patients with locally advanced rectal carcinoma (cT3-4, N0, M0 or cT2-4,N+, M0) were treated with capecitabine 825 mg/m2 twice a day and pelvic radiotherapy 1,8 Gy daily up to cumulative dose of 45 Gy, boosting up to 50,4 Gy. Patients underwent surgery 6th week after the completion of chemoradiotherapy.

Neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma with concomitant radiotherapy and oral capecitabine.

Purpose: Concomitant chemoradiotherapy prior to surgery of locally advanced rectal carcinoma (clinical T3- 4, and/or N+) might improve the therapeutic results. We report on our clinical experience with 34 patients receiving concurrent preoperative radiotherapy and capecitabine.

Patients And Methods: Between September 2001 and March 2003, 34 patients with a median age of 62 years (range 18-75 years) were treated for adenocarcinoma of the rectum.