Twin study identifies early immunological and metabolic dysregulation of CD8 T cells in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurological disease of the central nervous system with a subclinical phase preceding frank neuroinflammation. CD8 T cells are abundant within MS lesions, but their potential role in disease pathology remains unclear. Using high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing and single-cell T cell receptor analysis, we compared CD8 T cell clones from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of monozygotic twin pairs in which the cotwin had either no or subclinical neuroinflammation (SCNI).

Semiquantitative 3T Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Dynamic Visualization of the Glymphatic-Lymphatic Fluid Transport System in Humans: A Pilot Study.

Objectives: Recently, a novel clearing system for interstitial solutes of the brain was described as a perivascular pathway named the glymphatic system. Furthermore, lymphatic vessels were found in the meninges to drain interstitial fluids. It is hypothesized that interstitial solutes, such as amyloid β, are firstly processed through the brain by the glymphatic system and secondly drained out of the brain by lymphatic vessels (glymphatic-lymphatic fluid transport system [GLS]).

Vestibular paroxysmia: clinical characteristics and long-term course.

In 2016, the Bárány Society defined new diagnostic criteria for the neurovascular compression syndrome of the eighth nerve, called "vestibular paroxysmia" (VP), differentiating between definite (dVP) and probable (pVP) forms. The aim of this study was (1) to describe clinical symptoms and laboratory findings in a well-diagnosed large patient cohort according to those criteria, and (2) to evaluate the long-term course over years in dVP. We identified 146 patients (73 dVP, 73 pVP) from our tertiary dizziness center registry.

Incidence, clinical spectrum, and immunotherapy of non-ischemic cerebral enhancing lesions after endovascular therapy.

Background: Symptomatic and asymptomatic delayed non-ischemic cerebral enhancing (NICE) lesions in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been reported as a rare complication after endovascular therapy (EVT) in recent years with incidence rates between 0.05% and 0.9% in most studies.

Uncrossed corticospinal tract in health and genetic disorders: Review, case report, and clinical implications.

Background And Purpose: Crossing pathologies of the corticospinal tract (CST) are rare and often associated with genetic disorders. However, they can be present in healthy humans and lead to ipsilateral motor deficits when a lesion to motor areas occurs. Here, we review historical and current literature of CST crossing pathologies and present a rare case of asymmetric crossing of the CST.

TSPO PET imaging of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe infection of the CNS caused by the polyomavirus JC that can occur in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Clinical management of patients with natalizumab-associated PML is challenging not least because current imaging tools for the early detection, longitudinal monitoring and differential diagnosis of PML lesions are limited. Here we evaluate whether translocator protein (TSPO) PET imaging can be applied to monitor the inflammatory activity of PML lesions over time and differentiate them from multiple sclerosis lesions.

-associated neurodevelopmental disorder: Family with novel mutation expands the phenotypic spectrum.

Objective: Clinical, neuroimaging, and genetic characterization of 3 patients with -associated developmental regression, intellectual disability, dysmorphism, and further neurologic deficits.

Methods: Three affected brothers from a consanguineous family from Afghanistan, their 2 healthy siblings, and both parents were all assessed in the clinic. General and neurologic examination, expert dysmorphology examination, and 3T brain MRI were performed.

Travel-associated neurological disease terminated in a postmortem diagnosed atypical HSV-1 encephalitis after high-dose steroid therapy - a case report.

Background: Human encephalitis can originate from a variety of different aetiologies, of which infection is the most common one. The diagnostic work-up is specifically challenging in patients with travel history since a broader spectrum of unfamiliar additional infectious agents, e. g.

How much of the sediment in Gale crater's central mound was fluvially transported?

The origin of the sedimentary mound within Gale crater, the landing site for the Mars Science Laboratory rover , remains enigmatic. Here we examine the total potential contribution of fluvial material by conducting a volume-based analysis. On the basis of these results, the mound can be divided into three zones: a lower, intermediate, and upper zone.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia brain abscesses after implantation of motor cortex stimulator.

We describe the first case of a patient with brain abscesses caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as a complication after motor cortex stimulator implantation. Brain abscesses pose a challenge in diagnosis and treatment, because microbiological diagnosis is not always achieved, antibiotic drugs may not penetrate well into the CNS and some bacteria have resistances to typical empirical antibiotic drugs. In this case diagnosis was only made after removal of the stimulator and a long term treatment with antibiotic drugs was necessary.

Brain diffusion tensor imaging changes in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis reversed with treatment.

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX, MIM 213700) is a rare autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder caused by CYP27A1 mutations. Treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) may slow the progression of the disease and reverse some symptoms in a proportion of patients. In a non-consanguineous Caucasian family, two siblings with CTX were evaluated before treatment and prospectively followed-up every 6 months after starting CDCA therapy, using systematic clinical examination, neuropsychological tests, laboratory tests, electroencephalography (EEG) and brain MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography.

Cystic Craniopharyngiomas: Microsurgical or Stereotactic Treatment?

Background: Prognosis and treatment of cystic craniopharyngiomas are poorly defined.

Objective: To analyze progression-free survival (PFS) and safety profile of cystic craniopharyngiomas undergoing resection or minimally invasive drainage procedures. We compared further outcome measurements for cystic and solid tumors undergoing resection to elucidate the impact of the initial tumor composition on both PFS and the toxicity profile.

Trigeminal neuralgia due to neurovascular compression: high-spatial-resolution diffusion-tensor imaging reveals microstructural neural changes.

Purpose: To preoperatively detect, by using diffusion-tensor imaging coregistered with anatomic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, suspected microstructural tissue changes of the trigeminal nerves in patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) resulting from neurovascular compression.

Materials And Methods: The study was approved by the institutional review board, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Twenty patients (mean age, 51.

Distribution of mid-latitude ground ice on Mars from new impact craters.

New impact craters at five sites in the martian mid-latitudes excavated material from depths of decimeters that has a brightness and color indicative of water ice. Near-infrared spectra of the largest example confirm this composition, and repeated imaging showed fading over several months, as expected for sublimating ice. Thermal models of one site show that millimeters of sublimation occurred during this fading period, indicating clean ice rather than ice in soil pores.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging activations of cortical eye fields during saccades, smooth pursuit, and optokinetic nystagmus.

Saccades, smooth pursuit, and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) are three basic eye movements in our ocular motor repertoire that enable us to explore the visual field. These eye movements are cortically controlled in different cortical eye fields, including the frontal eye fields (FEF) and parietal eye fields (PEF), as well as the motion-sensitive visual area MT+/V5. It is not known if this cortical control is organized in parallel cortico-cortical networks or in adjacent subregions of one system.

Giant multilevel thoracic hemangioma with spinal cord compression in a patient with Klippel-Weber-Trenaunay syndrome: case report.

Study Design: Case report and clinical discussion.

Objective: We intend to report a very rare case of a giant spinal hemangioma causing myelopathy.

Summary Of Background Data: Multilevel symptomatic spinal hemangiomas causing acute neurologic symptoms are rare disorders.

[Improved localization of spinal AV fistulas using contrast-enhanced MR angiography at 3 T].

Purpose: The standard for the detection and localization of spinal dural and perimedullary AV fistulas has been digital subtraction angiography. The purpose of this study was to correctly locate dural AV fistulas using high-resolution (hr), contrast-enhanced (ce) MRA at 3 T or at least to estimate the site within a range of two to three segments. As a result, the radiation exposure, contrast dose and risk of complications were able to be reduced.

Hydrated silicate minerals on Mars observed by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter CRISM instrument.

Phyllosilicates, a class of hydrous mineral first definitively identified on Mars by the OMEGA (Observatoire pour la Mineralogie, L'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activitié) instrument, preserve a record of the interaction of water with rocks on Mars. Global mapping showed that phyllosilicates are widespread but are apparently restricted to ancient terrains and a relatively narrow range of mineralogy (Fe/Mg and Al smectite clays). This was interpreted to indicate that phyllosilicate formation occurred during the Noachian (the earliest geological era of Mars), and that the conditions necessary for phyllosilicate formation (moderate to high pH and high water activity) were specific to surface environments during the earliest era of Mars's history.

The positive predictive value of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) PET in the diagnosis of a glioma recurrence after multimodal treatment.

Objective: To explore prospectively the positive predictive value of O-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET)-PET in selected patients with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based suspicion of a glioma recurrence or progression. Methods Patients with a supratentorial glioma (initial World Health Organization (WHO) grade II, III or IV) were considered eligible if they had both an MRI-(new/progressive contrast-enhancing lesion) and FET-PET-based diagnosis of a recurrence/progression after various forms and combinations of irradiation and chemotherapy. Criterion for tumour recurrence/progression in FET-PET was a standardized uptake value (SUVmax)/Background (BG) ratio of >2.