Endocrine dysfunction post-traumatic brain injury: challenges and therapeutic approaches.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a widespread, serious public health concern with substantial lasting effects, such as impacting the endocrine system. Here, we review the complications and consequences of TBI on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) and connected endocrine glands, which are essential for maintaining body balance. Endocrine dysfunctions caused by TBI, especially hypopituitarism, can result in hormonal imbalances that impact various physiological systems, such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress responses.

Effects of Chrysin on Serum Corticosterone Levels and Brain Oxidative Damages Induced by Immobilization in Rat.

Background: Chrysin (CH) is one of the main flavonoids of vegetables, fruits, and plants, the neuroprotective effect of which has been demonstrated in this study.

Objective: The aim of the current investigation is the evaluation of the impact of chrysin (CH) on serum corticosterone level. Additionally, depression due to chronic stress was studied in animal models.

Effect of Zataria multiflora Extract on Total and Differential White Blood Cell Count and Endothelin Level in Blood of Ovalbumin Sensitized Guinea Pigs.

Objective: To investigate the effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) on endothelin level, total and differential white blood cells (WBC) count of sensitized guinea pigs.

Methods: Five groups of guinea pigs sensitized to ovalbumin (OA) were given drinking water alone (group S), drinking water containing three concentrations of Z.

The extract of Zataria multiflora affect tracheal responsiveness, serum levels of NO, nitrite, PLA2, TP and histamine in sensitized Guinea pigs.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Different therapeutic effects for Zataria multiflora have been described in Iranian traditional medicine. In addition anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of this plant were previously described. The effect of the extract of Zataria multiflora on tracheal responsiveness (TR) and inflammatory mediators of sensitized guinea pigs was examined.

The effect of carvacrol on serum cytokines and endothelin levels of ovalbumin sensitized Guinea-pigs.

Objective(s): Different pharmacological effects of carvacrol including relaxant effect, its inhibitory effect on muscarinic and histamine (H1) and stimulatory effect on β-adrenoceptors have been demonstrated on guinea pig tracheal chains in previous studies. In the present study, the effect of carvacrol on blood IL-4, IFN- γ and endothelin levels of sensitized guinea pigs is examined.

Materials And Methods: Five groups of guinea pigs sensitized to ovalbumin (OA) were given pure drinking water (group S), drinking water containing three concentrations of carvacrol (40, 80 and 160 µg/ml)) and dexamethasone.

The impact of Zataria multiflora Boiss extract on in vitro and in vivo Th1/Th2 cytokine (IFN-γ/IL4) balance.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and effect of Zataria multiflora on Th1/Th2 balance were previously described. Different therapeutic effects of this plant have been described in Iranian traditional medicine. To evaluate the immune modulatory effects of Zataria multiflora on Th1/Th2 balance, which may be implicated in inflammatory disorders, in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out.

Effect of carvacrol on tracheal responsiveness, inflammatory mediators, total and differential WBC count in blood of sensitized guinea pigs.

The effects of carvacrol on tracheal responsiveness (TR) to methacholine and ovalbumin (OA), serum nitric oxide (NO) concentration, total and differential white blood cells (WBC) in blood of sensitized guinea pigs were examined. Five groups of guinea pigs sensitized to OA were given drinking water alone (group S), drinking water containing three concentrations of carvacrol (40, 80 and 160 µg/mL) and dexamethasone (50 µg/mL). TR to methacholine and OA, serum NO concentration, total and differential WBC in blood of sensitized and control guinea pigs were measured (n = 6, for each group).