Motivational Enhancement System for Adherence for Adolescents and Young Adults Newly Recommended to Start Antiretroviral Therapy.

Background: Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) (age 13-24 years) accounted for 20% of HIV diagnoses in the United States and 6 dependent areas in 2020. Optimal treatment adherence during adolescence and young adulthood decreases the pool of infectious individuals during the risky sexual activity commonly reported among AYAs living with HIV.

Methods: Adolescents and young adults newly recommended to start antiretroviral therapy (ART) were recruited, nationally, from 7 clinical sites.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on BMI in youth living with HIV.

Background: Many youth saw a rise in body mass index and obesity during the COVID-19 pandemic associated with virtual schooling and a lack of physical exercise options due to lockdown orders. However, the impact of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic on body mass index in HIV-infected youth on anti-viral therapy has not been studied.

Objective: This study examined COVID-19's impact on body mass index in 157 behaviorally acquired and 39 perinatally acquired youth living with HIV.

Off-label Use of Long-Acting Injectable Antiretroviral Therapy: A Single Center Retrospective Review of Youth Living With HIV With Detectable HIV RNA Starting Injectable Therapy.

Nineteen youth living with HIV (YLWH) opted for injectable cabotegravir and rilpivirine without oral lead in and without achieving an undetectable HIV viral load (VL) for the 3 months prior to initiation. All achieved undetectable status within 3 months (3 injections) and maintained an undetectable status through 6-12 months of therapy.

Increased mortality in infants with abnormal T-cell receptor excision circles.

Background: T-Cell Receptor Excision Circles based newborn screening (TREC-NBS) allows for early detection of T-cell lymphopenia in infants with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD). The utility of abnormal TREC-NBS in infants without PIDD is not well studied. We sought to evaluate the association of abnormal TREC-NBS with mortality.

Treasure (Hunt for) Your Health! Addressing Pediatric Social Determinants of Health Through Child-Friendly Community Engagement Events.

Social determinants of health (SDoH), including factors such as education level, housing, poverty, racism, and food insecurity and their impact on health outcomes have been well documented. The "Wayne Pediatrics Health and Nutrition Expo" held at Detroit's Eastern Market was an activity-based health and nutrition event addressing pediatric SDoH. Partnering with community organizations, the event had 10 stations addressing SDoH: access to a primary-care pediatrician; HIV-care and prevention; childhood literacy; clothing & winter coats; mental health and childhood development; nutrition; staying active; vaccination; and food insecurity.

Information, Motivation, Behavioral Skills Model in Youth Newly Starting Antiretroviral Treatment.

An understanding of adherence among youth newly starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) is critical but understudied. The information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model is often used to understand health behaviors, but has rarely been studied in youth with HIV. In a multi-site sample of 153 youth newly starting ART, structural equation modeling was utilized to test this model.

Review of Treatment for Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency (ADA) Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).

Adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA) is a purine salvage pathway deficiency that results in buildup of toxic metabolites causing death in rapidly dividing cells, especially lymphocytes. The most complete form of ADA leads to severe combined immune deficiency (SCID). Treatment with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) was developed in the 1970s and became the treatment for ADA SCID by the 1980s.

Newborn tandem mass spectroscopy screening for adenosine deaminase deficiency.

Background: Newborn screening (NBS) by means of T cell receptor excision circles (TREC) is now universal in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Navajo Nation as a strategy to identify severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in newborns. Owing to the characteristics of adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, a small but important number of cases can be missed by this screening.

Objective: To evaluate the results of the first year statewide NBS for ADA by means of dried blood spot NBS.

Randomized Controlled Trial of a Remote Coaching mHealth Adherence Intervention in Youth Living with HIV.

Youth living with HIV (YLWH) in the US have low rates of viral suppression (VS). In a prospective randomized clinical trial (ATN152) that enrolled 89 YLWH on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with detectable viral load, we evaluated a 12 week triggered escalating real-time adherence (TERA) intervention with remote coaching, electronic dose monitoring (EDM), and outreach for missed/delayed doses compared to standard of care (SOC). Median [Q1, Q3] percent days with EDM opening was higher in TERA (72% (47%, 89%)) versus SOC (41% (21%, 59%); p < 0.

Inborn Errors of Immunity Associated With Type 2 Inflammation in the USIDNET Registry.

Background: Monogenic conditions that disrupt proper development and/or function of the immune system are termed inborn errors of immunity (IEIs), also known as primary immunodeficiencies. Patients with IEIs often suffer from other manifestations in addition to infection, and allergic inflammation is an increasingly recognized feature of these conditions.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of IEIs presenting with allergic inflammation as reported in the USIDNET registry.

Chronic Granulomatous Disease With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Clinical Presentation, Treatment, and Outcomes From the USIDNET Registry.

Background: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inborn error of immunity caused by defects in the phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase complex, leading to increased susceptibility to infection and inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Up to 50% of patients have gastrointestinal (GI) involvement and meet diagnostic criteria for inflammatory bowel disease (CGD-IBD).

Objective: We analyzed patients with CGD from the US Immunodeficiency Network (USIDNET) registry to determine whether IBD changes the presentation, treatment, and outcomes of patients with CGD.

Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency.

The T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assay is an effective screening tool for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). The TREC assay was designed to detect typical SCID and leaky SCID, but any condition causing low naïve T-cell counts will also be detected. Newborn screening for SCID using the TREC assay has proven itself to be highly sensitive and cost-efficient.

Innate Immunity.

The innate immune response system forms an important line of defense by deploying a limited number of receptors specific for conserved microbial components. This deployment generates a rapid inflammatory response, while activating the adaptive immune system. Improvements in our understanding of the innate immune system have allowed us to explore various therapeutic strategies via modulation of the immune response.

Humoral Immune Deficiencies of Childhood.

The most common primary immune deficiencies are those of the humoral immune system, and most of these present in childhood. The severity of these disorders ranges from transient deficiencies to deficiencies that are associated with a complete loss of ability to make adequate or functional antibodies, and have infectious as well as noninfectious complications. This article reviews, in a case-based discussion, the most common of the humoral immune deficiencies; their presentations, diagnoses, treatments; and, when known, the genetic defects.

The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Pediatric Asthma in the United States.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused severe economic and health impacts in the United States, and the impact is disproportionately more in socially disadvantages areas. The available data, albeit limited in children, suggest that the initial concerns of the potential of serious impact of COVID-19 illness in children with asthma are unproven so far. The reduction in asthma morbidities is due to improved adherence, COVID-19 control measures, school closures, and decreased exposure to allergens and viral infections in children.

The Effect of COVID-19 on Education.

COVID-19 has changed education for learners of all ages. Preliminary data project educational losses at many levels and verify the increased anxiety and depression associated with the changes, but there are not yet data on long-term outcomes. Guidance from oversight organizations regarding the safety and efficacy of new delivery modalities for education have been quickly forged.

Sustained decrease in pediatric asthma emergency visits during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

On January 20, 2020, the first documented case of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) was reported in the United States. The U.S.