Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers.

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38).

Tracing the genetic origin of Europe's first farmers reveals insights into their social organization.

Farming was established in Central Europe by the Linearbandkeramik culture (LBK), a well-investigated archaeological horizon, which emerged in the Carpathian Basin, in today's Hungary. However, the genetic background of the LBK genesis is yet unclear. Here we present 9 Y chromosomal and 84 mitochondrial DNA profiles from Mesolithic, Neolithic Starčevo and LBK sites (seventh/sixth millennia BC) from the Carpathian Basin and southeastern Europe.

IL-8 induces the locomotion of human IL-2-activated natural killer cells. Involvement of a guanine nucleotide binding (Go) protein.

The effect of IL-8 on the in vitro locomotion of human IL-2-activated natural killer (IANK) cells was studied. It was observed that IL-8 induces chemokinesis in these cells, as determined by their migration in modified Boyden chambers. Bacterial toxins such as cholera toxin or pertussis toxin inhibited IL-8-induced chemokinetic activity, suggesting the involvement of guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins in IL-8 signal transduction in these cells.

Pharmacokinetic analysis of the plasma disappearance of ovine follitropin and analogues in the male rat.

Ovine follitropin (oFSH) and its chemically deglycosylated (DG) or the asialo analogue were injected as a single bolus (2.5 micrograms) to intact mature male rats and plasma levels measured by radioimmunoassay. Semi-logarithmic plots of the plasma disappearance curves were all biphasic.

Distribution of follitropin and deglycosylated follitropin in the rat: a quantitative and radioautographic study.

125I-labeled ovine follitropin (125I-oFSH) and deglycosylated follitropin (125I-DG-oFSH) were injected into rats and the tissue uptake was quantified and correlated with radioautographic data. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable radioactivity and gel filtration analysis of blood samples indicated no degradation of follitropin or analogue with time. Clearance of follitropin from the circulation was accelerated after its deglycosylation.

Analysis of the kinetics of ovine follitropin agonist-antagonist interactions with pig ovarian membranes.

The binding of 125I-labeled ovine follitropin (oFSH) and 125I-labeled deglycosylated ovine follitropin (DG-oFSH) to porcine granulosa cell membranes was studied at equilibrium and nonequilibrium binding conditions and statistically analyzed. Saturation and competition binding experiments revealed homogeneity in the population of binding sites labeled with 125I-oFSH, having a pK estimation of approximately equal to 10. 125I-DG-oFSH similarly interacts with a single uniform class of receptors of equal affinity (pK approximately equal to 10) and binding capacity as oFSH.