Green procedure using limonene in the Dean-Stark apparatus for moisture determination in food products.

In the past 10 years, trends in analytical chemistry have turned toward the green chemistry which endeavours to develop new techniques that reduce the influence of chemicals on the environment. The challenge of the green analytical chemistry is to develop techniques that meet the request for information output while reducing the environmental impact of the analyses. For this purpose petroleum-based solvents have to be avoided.

New and rapid analytical procedure for water content determination: microwave accelerated Dean-Stark.

Development of new procedures in analytical chemistry is currently increasingly focussed on reducing the time, cost and energy to carry out routine analyses. The conventional Dean-Stark (CDS) distillation to determine the water content is one of the most commonly used analytical methods and uses large amounts of solvent and energy. A new microwave accelerated Dean-Stark (MADS) distillation is presented as an alternative procedure.