Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles therapy openings new translational challenges in immunomodulating acute liver inflammation.

Inflammation plays a critical role in conditions such as acute liver failure, acute-on-chronic liver failure, and ischemia-reperfusion-induced liver injury. Various pathogenic pathways contribute to liver inflammation, involving inflammatory polarization of macrophages and Küpffer cells, neutrophil infiltration, dysregulation of T cell subsets, oxidative stress, and activation of hepatic stellate cells. While mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated beneficial properties, their clinical translation is limited by their cellular nature.

T regulatory cells activation and distribution are modified in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A prospective single-centre observational study.

Backgrounds: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common and fatal inflammatory condition. Whether T regulatory cells (Tregs) are beneficial or detrimental remains controversial, and longitudinal studies are lacking. Phenotyping of Tregs activation markers has been poorly reported.