Assessment of return to play after an acute shoulder injury: protocol for an explorative prospective observational German multicentre study.

Introduction: To date, there is no valid single test or battery of tests for informing return-to-play (RTP) decisions following an acute shoulder injury. The purpose of this exploratory study is to evaluate a diagnostic test battery based on a Delphi consensus at the time of unrestricted return to team training after acute shoulder injury.

Methods And Analysis: Data for this prospective multicentre cohort study are collected at two measurement time points: when the respective physician clears the patient for RTP (t1) and 12 months after RTP (t2).

COVID-19 in European Soccer: A Public 2-Year Comparison of COVID-19 Case Management and Case Characteristics between the 1st Bundesliga, La Liga, Serie A and the Premier League.

To evaluate the extent and characteristics of COVID-19 cases in relation to environmental COVID-19 incidences in the four best European soccer leagues (Bundesliga, Premier League, Serie A and La Liga) from the first of January 2020 until the end of January 2022. Methods: A retrospective evaluation of all publicly available COVID-19 cases in the studied cohorts was performed. The 14-day case incidences from epidemiological national data were used as reference values.

Heat-sensitive TRPV channels in retinal pigment epithelial cells: regulation of VEGF-A secretion.

Purpose: Choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration is caused, to a large extent, by increased secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The purpose of the study was to identify pathways that lead to increased VEGF secretion by the RPE.

Methods: Ca(2+) signaling was studied in ARPE-19 and human RPE cells in primary culture by means of Ca(2+) imaging.

Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, not ryanodine receptors, activate Ca2+-dependent BK potassium channels in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Purpose: In different tissues the activation of large conductance Ca2+-activated (BK) potassium channels has been shown to be coupled to voltage-gated Ca2+ channels as well as ryanodine receptors. As activation of BK channels leads to hyperpolarization of the cell, these channels provide a negative feedback mechanism for Ca2+-induced functions. Many cellular functions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are coupled to changes in [Ca2+]i.