Correlating the Bony Facial Trauma Score with Clinical Outcomes.

In 2017, the Bony Facial Trauma Score (BFTS) was developed to quantify and describe bony trauma of the face. To compare BFTSs for the need of hospital admission, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, surgery, tracheostomy tube placement, cervical spine (c-spine) injury, and mortality. A retrospective review of patients sustaining bony facial trauma from January 1, 2017 to November 30, 2019 was done.

Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin induces blood brain barrier permeability via caveolae-dependent transcytosis and requires expression of MAL.

Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX) is responsible for causing the economically devastating disease, enterotoxaemia, in livestock. It is well accepted that ETX causes blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, however the mechanisms involved in this process are not well understood. Using in vivo and in vitro methods, we determined that ETX causes BBB permeability in mice by increasing caveolae-dependent transcytosis in brain endothelial cells.