Microscopic Origins of Flow Activation Energy in Biomolecular Condensates.

The material properties of biomolecular condensates govern their dynamics and functions by influencing the molecular diffusion rates and biochemical interactions. A recent report has identified a characteristic timescale of temperature-dependent viscosity in biomolecular condensates arising from an activated dissociation events collectively referred to as flow activation energy. The microscopic origin of this activation energy is a complex function of sequence, stoichiometry, and external conditions.

Designing Novel Physiologic Monitor Displays for Combat Medics.

Introduction: Combat medics who are responsible for the care of injured warfighters face challenges from their reliance on medical alarms that exceed the noise levels recommended by the WHO. This is because the elevated noise levels in military facilities, particularly from vehicular units and weaponry, compromise the combat medics' effectiveness and attentiveness to medical alarms. We previously designed a graphical ("configural") display to communicate patients' vital signs and found that when the configural display and traditional numerical display were concurrently presented to participants, it produced the fastest identification of patient vital signs and triggered the fewest number of alarms.

Determinants of viscoelasticity and flow activation energy in biomolecular condensates.

The form and function of biomolecular condensates are intimately linked to their material properties. Here, we integrate microrheology with molecular simulations to dissect the physical determinants of condensate fluid phase dynamics. By quantifying the timescales and energetics of network relaxation in a series of heterotypic viscoelastic condensates, we uncover distinctive roles of sticker motifs, binding energy, and chain length in dictating condensate dynamical properties.

Simultaneous enhancement of the bandwidth and responsivity in high-speed avalanche photodiodes with an optimized flip-chip bonding package.

The enhancement in responsivity of photodiodes (PDs) or avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with the traditional flip-chip bonding package usually comes at the expense of degradation in the optical-to-electrical (O-E) bandwidth due to the increase of parasitic capacitance. In this work, we demonstrate backside-illuminated InAlAs based APDs with novel flip-chip bonding packaging designed to relax this fundamental trade-off. The inductance induced peak in the measured O-E frequency response of these well-designed and well-packaged APDs, which can be observed around its 3-dB bandwidth (∼30 GHz), effectively widens the bandwidth and becomes more pronounced when the active diameter of the APD is aggressively downscaled to as small as 3 µm.

Auditory roughness: a delicate balance.

Auditory roughness in medical alarm sounds is an important design attribute, and has been shown to impact user performance and perception. While roughness can assist in decreased signal-to-noise ratios (perceived loudness) and communicate urgency, it might also impact patient recovery. Therefore, considerations of neuroscience correlates, music theory, and patient impact are critical aspects to investigate in order to optimise alarm design.

Integrative urban AI to expand coverage, access, and equity of urban data.

We consider the use of AI techniques to expand the coverage, access, and equity of urban data. We aim to enable holistic research on city dynamics, steering AI research attention away from profit-oriented, societally harmful applications (e.g.

Evaluating maize phenotypic variance, heritability, and yield relationships at multiple biological scales across agronomically relevant environments.

A challenge to improve an integrative phenotype, like yield, is the interaction between the broad range of possible molecular and physiological traits that contribute to yield and the multitude of potential environmental conditions in which they are expressed. This study collected data on 31 phenotypic traits, 83 annotated metabolites, and nearly 22,000 transcripts from a set of 57 diverse, commercially relevant maize hybrids across three years in central U.S.

Self-Assembled Formation of Well-Aligned Cu-Te Nano-Rods on Heavily Cu-Doped ZnTe Thin Films.

Cu doping of ZnTe, which is an important semiconductor for various optoelectronic applications, has been successfully achieved previously by several techniques. However, besides its electrical transport characteristics, other physical and chemical properties of heavily Cu-doped ZnTe have not been reported. We found an interesting self-assembled formation of crystalline well-aligned Cu-Te nano-rods near the surface of heavily Cu-doped ZnTe thin films grown via the molecular beam epitaxy technique.

On-the-fly decoding luminescence lifetimes in the microsecond region for lanthanide-encoded suspension arrays.

Significant multiplexing capacity of optical time-domain coding has been recently demonstrated by tuning luminescence lifetimes of the upconversion nanoparticles called 'τ-Dots'. It provides a large dynamic range of lifetimes from microseconds to milliseconds, which allows creating large libraries of nanotags/microcarriers. However, a robust approach is required to rapidly and accurately measure the luminescence lifetimes from the relatively slow-decaying signals.

How to build a time-gated luminescence microscope.

The sensitivity of filter-based fluorescence microscopy techniques is limited by autofluorescence background. Time-gated detection is a practical way to suppress autofluorescence, enabling higher contrast and improved sensitivity. In the past few years, three groups of authors have demonstrated independent approaches to build robust versions of time-gated luminescence microscopes.

Prognostic usefulness of left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiography in patients with atrial fibrillation (from the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulant Therapy Study).

It is unknown whether left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) diagnosis by electrocardiography improves risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We investigated the prognostic impact of LVH diagnosis by electrocardiography in a large sample of anticoagulated patients with AF included in the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulant Therapy (RE-LY) Study. We defined electrographic LVH (ECG-LVH) by strain pattern or Cornell voltage (R wave in aVL plus S wave in V3) >2.

Causes of death and influencing factors in patients with atrial fibrillation: a competing-risk analysis from the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy study.

Background: Atrial fibrillation is associated with increased mortality, but the specific causes of death and their predictors have not been described among patients on effective anticoagulant therapy.

Methods And Results: The Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulant Therapy (RE-LY) trial randomized 18 113 patients (age, 71.5 ± 9 years; male, 64%; CHADS2 score, 2.

Balancing the benefits and risks of 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in atrial fibrillation.

Objectives: This study sought to compare the net clinical benefit of dabigatran 110 mg bid and 150 mg bid with that of warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).

Background: In patients with AF, dabigatran 110 mg bid and 150 mg bid are associated with similar rates of death. However, the higher dose reduces ischemic stroke and increases bleeding compared with the lower dose.

Concomitant use of antiplatelet therapy with dabigatran or warfarin in the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) trial.

Background: The Randomized Evaluation of Long-term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) trial showed that dabigatran etexilate 150 mg BID was superior and dabigatran etexilate 110 mg BID was noninferior to warfarin in preventing stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. In this subgroup analysis, we assess the efficacy and safety of dabigatran in patients who did and did not receive concomitant antiplatelets.

Methods And Results: All comparisons used a Cox proportional hazards model with adjustments made for risk factors for bleeding.

Analysis of upper gastrointestinal adverse events among patients given dabigatran in the RE-LY trial.

Background & Aims: Dabigatran is an oral and direct inhibitor of thrombin. In a study of patients with atrial fibrillation (the RE-LY trial), twice as many subjects given dabigatran reported dyspepsia-like symptoms compared with those given warfarin (controls). We analyzed data from this trial to quantify upper gastrointestinal nonbleeding adverse events (NB-UGI AEs).

Variation in warfarin dose adjustment practice is responsible for differences in the quality of anticoagulation control between centers and countries: an analysis of patients receiving warfarin in the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulation therapy (RE-LY) trial.

Background: The outcome of atrial fibrillation patients on warfarin partially depends on maintaining adequate time in therapeutic International Normalized Ratio range (TTR). Large differences in TTR have been reported between centers and countries. The association between warfarin dosing practice, TTR, and clinical outcomes was evaluated in Randomized Evaluation of Long-term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) trial patients receiving warfarin.

Periprocedural bleeding and thromboembolic events with dabigatran compared with warfarin: results from the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) randomized trial.

Background: Dabigatran reduces ischemic stroke in comparison with warfarin; however, given the lack of antidote, there is concern that it might increase bleeding when surgery or invasive procedures are required.

Methods And Results: The current analysis was undertaken to compare the periprocedural bleeding risk of patients in the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) trial treated with dabigatran and warfarin. Bleeding rates were evaluated from 7 days before until 30 days after invasive procedures, considering only the first procedure for each patient.

Atrial overdrive pacing to prevent atrial fibrillation: insights from ASSERT.

Background: Pacing algorithms to prevent atrial fibrillation (AF) have been tested in studies of modest size and duration with inconclusive results.

Objectives: To prospectively evaluate the relationship between subclinical AF and stroke in patients 65 years of age or older with no previous AF receiving a first pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for standard indications. Three months following device implantation, pacemaker patients were randomized to have continuous atrial overdrive pacing (CAOP) algorithm turned "ON" or "OFF.

Intracranial hemorrhage in atrial fibrillation patients during anticoagulation with warfarin or dabigatran: the RE-LY trial.

Background And Purpose: Intracranial hemorrhage is the most devastating complication of anticoagulation. Outcomes associated with different sites of intracranial bleeding occurring with warfarin versus dabigatran have not been defined.

Methods: Analysis of 18 113 participants with atrial fibrillation in the Randomized Evaluation of Long-term anticoagulant therapY (RE-LY) trial assigned to adjusted-dose warfarin (target international normalized ratio, 2-3) or dabigatran (150 mg or 110 mg, both twice daily).

Subclinical atrial fibrillation and the risk of stroke.

Background: One quarter of strokes are of unknown cause, and subclinical atrial fibrillation may be a common etiologic factor. Pacemakers can detect subclinical episodes of rapid atrial rate, which correlate with electrocardiographically documented atrial fibrillation. We evaluated whether subclinical episodes of rapid atrial rate detected by implanted devices were associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke in patients who did not have other evidence of atrial fibrillation.

Myocardial ischemic events in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with dabigatran or warfarin in the RE-LY (Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy) trial.

Background: There is a modest risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and myocardial ischemic events in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Methods And Results: Data from the RE-LY study (Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy) were used to report rates of MI, unstable angina, cardiac arrest, and cardiac death and the prespecified net clinical benefit and treatment effects of dabigatran versus warfarin. MI occurred at annual rates of 0.

Risks for stroke, bleeding, and death in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving dabigatran or warfarin in relation to the CHADS2 score: a subgroup analysis of the RE-LY trial.

Background: CHADS(2) is a simple, validated risk score for predicting the risk for stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation not treated with anticoagulants. There are sparse data on the risk for thrombotic and bleeding complications according to the CHADS(2) score in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy.

Objective: To evaluate the prognostic importance of CHADS(2) risk score in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving oral anticoagulants, including the vitamin K antagonist warfarin and the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran.