Importance: Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) therapies aflibercept and ranibizumab are among the highest-cost Medicare Part B drugs, even though off-label use of lower-cost bevacizumab is clinically noninferior. Payments from manufacturers of these ARMD therapies to ophthalmologists are hypothesized to be factors in ophthalmologists' therapeutic choice, controlling for ophthalmologist and patient characteristics.
Objective: To assess the association between manufacturer payments to ophthalmologists and choice of ARMD treatment as well as to identify ophthalmologist-level characteristics associated with prescribing lower-cost ARMD therapies.
Importance: Insulin list prices have grown substantially since 2010, but net prices have declined since 2015 because of manufacturer discounts, leading to an increasingly large difference between list and net prices of drugs often called the gross-to-net bubble. It remains unclear to what extent the gross-to-net bubble represents voluntary manufacturer discounts negotiated in commercial and Medicare Part D markets (hereafter called commercial discounts) vs mandatory discounts under the Medicare Part D coverage gap, Medicaid, and the 340B program.
Objective: To decompose the overall gross-to-net bubble of leading insulin products into discount types.
Importance: Price decreases of biologic and biosimilar products in Medicare Part B have been minimal, even with biosimilar competition. Medicare reimburses clinicians for biologics and biosimilars differently than for brand-name and generic drugs, which has generated greater price reductions.
Objective: To characterize the nature of price competition among brand-name and generic drugs under Medicare Part B and to estimate the cost savings to the program of subjecting biologic and biosimilar therapies to a similar price competition.
Objective: To explore the equity of utilization of inpatient health care at rural Tanzanian health centers through the use of a short wealth questionnaire.
Methods: Patients admitted to four rural health centers in the Kigoma Region of Tanzania from May 2008 to May 2009 were surveyed about their illness, asset ownership and demographics. Principal component analysis was used to compare the wealth of the inpatients to the wealth of the region's general population, using data from a previous population-based survey.